TASK3
A) One of the factors that may influence the human reproductive process is the role of reproductive hormones. The reason being is that during the process of conception there are tremendous number of things that should not go wrong. For instant when the egg is being released from the ovary it enter the fallopian tube to await for fertilisation then the fertilised egg will travel down the fallopian tube and reaches the uterus to implant itself in the lining of the uterus. In this process for the pregnancy to be an achievable one there are hormones which need to be produced and these hormones are progesterone and oestrogen. The role of these hormones is to help the uterus to prepare itself for conception.
However this process can only be a result of a successful pregnancy if nothing went wrong which is that if the egg was not fertilised probably because it is not mature the level of progesterone will decreased and lead to menstruation. Reasons why there might be an unsuccessful pregnancy it is possibly because of the causes of infertility due to the deficiency of hormone production. This could be that the hormone that causes the pituitary gland to produce certain hormones that sends message to the ovaries to release oestrogen and progesterone was in a low amount of level. The production of progesterone and oestrogen is very important without it there will not be any form of conception because the egg would not being release from the ovary even if it does it will not be mature and be inactive for sperm and egg to fuse to fertilised. Other reasons could be that the amount of level of hormones of the man might be less which will due to low sperm count or sperm with poor quality that is slow in terms of movement and going the wrong direction.
Contraceptive pills play a role in the human reproductive process and the reason why is because the pill contain the two type of female hormones an oestrogen and progesterone. When this pill is taken it will prevent a woman from ovulate (producing egg) every month and it will thicken round the cervix which will cause the sperm to be unable to get through. Also the hormones in the pill causes the lining of the uterus to be thinner so that the egg cannot implant itself in the uterus since it is less friendly for accommodation. All these will prevent pregnancy.
B) The other factor that may influence reproductive process could be parental genotype where both the man and the woman’s genes are not compatible in the sense that when they are in the process of getting a child during cell division mutation (changes in the genes) may occur. At this period changes like piece of the chromosomes maybe missing and a translocation of the chromosomes where part of the chromosomes is broken off and attached to another chromosome. Changes will occur in the characteristics of the offspring and these changes are inherited from when the two sex cell from both parent where fusing together.
However that is not the only factor that influences the reproductive process. Parental age also could be a cause; this is because as a woman gets older after the ages of around 30 they will starts to be less fertile until right to the age where they reach their menopause. In a result of that after the age of around 30 if a woman want to get pregnant it will be hard for her to conceive because she is becoming less fertile and by the age of 37 the egg cells starts to disappear at a faster rate even if they conceive there is a high risk that the woman will have miscarriage due to the age.
Parental diet influences reproductive process in a way that when a woman is pregnant or try for a child considering her diet, if she has a poor diet it will cause difficulties to the pregnancy or having trouble to conceive. This is because the body needs nutrients and minerals from the food for the pregnancy to proceed. In that case if those minerals and nutrient are taken in from the food eaten then the body will have the ability to respond to insulin which will allow ovulation to function well because it will reduce the amount of glucose in the bloodstream after consuming the food. Also because of the insulin it will increase physical activity by improving the muscles.
C) Congenital influences to pregnancy and birth trauma may cause birth defects to the developing foetus. One congenital influence could be transmitted congenital rubella (a German measles) which can be caught by the spread of the virus by coughing or sneezing being in close contact with someone that has the disease. The first 3 months of pregnancy is critical but at the second and third trimesters the risk that the infection of the mother will cause decreases to harm the baby. The mother will get infected if she did not have rubella vaccine or rubella risk infection which will result in physical problems such as hearing loss, growth retardation, eye defects etc.
During pregnancy if a woman get a birth trauma where she get bad experience such as life threatening event, serious injury to her baby or someone she knows and serious. This will affect the mother in a way that she will be in a state at which the doctor might decide the delivering type, whether she might have a longer period of labour or shorter. Also, she will have to be supervised constantly and she could be put for caesarean section.
TASK4
I)
A) Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.
B) Allele is alternative form of a genetic locus, a single allele for each locus is inherited from each parent
C) Genotype is the genetic constitution of a cell.
D) Phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism.
E) Homozygous is when an organism have both genes of a pair dominant or recessive an organism may be homozygous for one, several or all genes.
F) Heterozygous when a person has two different alleles for a single trait.
II)
B b
B BB Bb
b bB bb
Ratio= 3:1
3 brow eyes and 1 blue eye
iii)
BR Br bR br
BR BBrr BBRr Bbrr bbRr
Br BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
bR BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr
br BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
Ratio 9:3:3:1
9 brown-ginger, 3 blue-ginger, 3 brown- brown and 1 blue-brown.
IV) Cystic fibrosis is a condition that mainly affects the lungs and pancreas, but can affect other parts of the body including the liver, nose and sinuses, reproductive organs and sweat glands. Normally, cells in these parts of the body make mucus and other watery juices and secretions. In people with cystic fibrosis, these cells do not function correctly and make mucus and secretions, which are thicker than normal.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder. Is passed on through genes when one of the parents has the disorder or they are a carrier of the disorder.
V)
A O
B BA BO
O AO BO
VI) The genotype of the child is BA blood group. Co-dominance means that both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous state, so that the phenotype reflects a contribution from both alleles.
vii)
Two femalecertain disorder which was inherited from they parent, but they do not have it themselves.
Viii)
XC Y
XC XXCC XCY
Xc XXCc XYc
Xh Y
XH XHXh XHY
XH XHXh XHY
IX)
A) Down syndrome, also called Trisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. Normally, at the time of conception a baby inherits genetic information from its parents in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the mother and 23 from the father. In most cases of Down syndrome, a child gets an extra chromosome 21, for a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This extra genetic material causes the physical features and developmental delays associated with Down syndrome.
B) A child with Down syndrome may have eyes that slant upward and small ears that may fold over a little at the top. The mouth may be small, making the tongue appear large. The nose also may be small, with a flattened nasal bridge. Some babies with Down syndrome have short necks and small hands with short fingers. The child with Down syndrome is often short and has unusual looseness of the joints. Most children with Down syndrome will have some, but not all, of these symptoms.
