Peter’s emotional development would be:
Peter will gain greater self awareness by explaining to people who he is. Children start to develop their self concept at this stage. Self concept is a combination of self image and self and self esteem. It is very important that Peter feels loved and valued by both friends and family to gain a positive self concept.
Peter’s intellectual development would be:
Peter would have a greater understanding of vocabulary for example he would now be able to pronounce words properly and also have a wider range of vocabulary. Peter will also be able to problem solve based on physical evidence and how an object looks rather than weighing it or making other calculations. Peter will also have mastered reading and writing to think logically and understanding and applying self concept.
Adolescence is from 9-18 years of age. Miya falls into this category.
Miya would have developed body hair ( puberty is a development stage which prepares the body for sexual reproduction) and possibly acne. Adolescence is the second growth spurt Miya would have experienced, which focus on strength and dexterity. At the end of adolescence Miya would have been fully matured. During adolescence Miya would have developed the following physical skills:
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breasts grow
- ovulation
- menstruation
- growth of ovaries, uterus and vagina
- hips widen, altering body shape and gait
- deposition of fat changes shape
- voice less shrill
Miya’s social development would be:
Miya has fewer dependants on her family at this stage. Her friendships at school grow more important to her this phase of development is called ‘secondary socialisation’. Secondary socialisation in Miya’s view would be; she has her own values, attitudes which developed from her culture she’s socialized into. Her culture of society is the set of values and ways of acting that mark her particular society. Her culture is learnt through the process of socialisation. Socialisation is the process by which Miya learns the norms, values and attitudes of the society she lives in. Also by this stage in life Miya would have her own self identity.
Miya’s emotional development would be:
If Miya has developed her self identity and was confident with her self esteem and self image and had good relationships with people this would progress into a successful adulthood.
During adolescence can be hard and involve major emotional stress on people as they go through rapid social and physical changes. Some may even feel a loss of self concept as they transfer from school to the working life. Also adolescence become independent from parents, this can this can cause conflict too. They may go through stressful times during this and also an intimate partner may occur stress within adolescence.
Miya’s intellectual development would be:
Miya would be able to picture and think over things in her head that she has never seen or done. She has the ability to solve problems in her head and can reason things through the same way an adult can. Although the lack of life experience Miya has may make her make some wrong decisions in life. But she will continue to develop problem solving skills during adulthood.
Adulthood is from 18-65 years of age.
During adulthood Paris and Gary would be developing the following physical changes:
- completion of growth and muscle development
- sexual activity with partner
- childbirth and rearing of children
-
physical activity is at its peak
- home management
- staring work/career
(Between 46-65 years)
- long sightedness develops
- skin elasticity starts to decline
- weight gain around trunk in some people as activity declines
- onset on menopause
- fertility declines and stops
- menstruation stops
- night sweats
- hot flushes
- irritability
At this stage in life you are more proned of developing short term illnesses and more long term serious illnesses. This is due either to hereditary factors or environmental factors such as; smoking, drinking, drug taking and other lifestyle factors. The risk of infections and diseases rise with age.
Exercise can help develop physical fitness and athletic skills. An older adult could achieve a personal peak of fitness at 40-50 years of age if they take up exercise later in life.
When women grow older they become less inclined to fertilise eggs, this usually happens when they are between 45-55 years of age, when they are going through menopause.
Many adults develop grey hair and occasionally in men they often loose their hair.
Middle age spread affects both men and woman, this happens as they still eat the same amount of food but as they are less physically active it is hard for them to loose the weight.
Paris and Gary’s social development would be:
Sometimes it is hard to keep in contact with good friends as a result of friends moving away, work; you have different commitments that take up a lot of time. But adults need time of their own to spend time with their friends to release tension that’s building up on them and also to release the everyday stresses in life.
This is the time when adults decide to get intimate partners and then marry, have children and build a life of their own through time. They also pursue their career ambitions. The combination of married life, children and work can build a lot of stress in trying to cope at home and create tension in the home. This may result in adult’s relationships deteriorating and leading to divorce.
Adults also may have to provide care for parents which, can be stressful for them as sometimes they feel torn between family, work and caring.
Retirement usually occurs in the middle 50’s particularly if they have been in the same job from their early 20’s. Retirement for the adults is very important as it releases a lot of stress from people.
Paris and Gary’s emotional development are:
At this stage in life the majority of people want to settle down with a partner and get married or else live long term with someone. They may also want to start a family. Although things can go wrong in relationships and it can lead to a marital breakdown. This may lead to a negative self concept particularly if the individual has a series of relationship breakdowns or also if the individual cant understand why the relationship has broken.
Self concept can greatly develop for some people. For example if an individual had a intimate relationship, confidence with employment and being generally content with their life.
When people are in their 30’s they find greater confidence and self assurance.
At this stage in life self concept becomes fully developed.
Factors that act positively on self concept:
- feeling accepted
- good social life
- marriage
- promotion
- employment
- Buying a house.
- relationships that are fulfilling
Factors that acts negative on self concept:
- have a job which has no prospects
- stress
- redundancy
- illnesses
- marital breakdown
- loosing contact with friends and family
- Repossession of house.
Paris and Gary’s intellectual development:
Intellectual skills continue developing in adulthood if they are exercised, for example computer skills or other hobbies and interests.
From 20-30 most people start employment and career progression becomes considerably important in their life. From 20-30 most people change jobs frequently before settling into a permanent job.
During 30’s and early 40’s the majority pursue their career and achieve some promotions to secure pensions for later adulthood.
Later adulthood is 65 years plus. Freddie falls into this category as he is 78.
During later adulthood Freddie will be experiencing the following physically experiences:
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Skin elasticity reduces – the collagen fibres in the skin become shorter which means the skin becomes less elastic and wrinkles. The epidermis becomes thinner which may make the skin appear ‘papery’ and abnormal pigmentation may develop.
- bone density reduces
-
Senses deteriorate (taste, smell, hearing, sight) – the lens of the eye loses elasticity – tendency to become long sighted. Hearing may be impaired. Touch will be less sensitive there for slower to reactions e.g. getting burnt – there reaction to pull their hand away will be slower. Reduction in the number of taste buds.
- mobility reduces; stiffer joints
- balance impaired, particularly turning around
- blood pressure rises
- body system less efficient leading to health problems
- Constipation as muscles decline – muscle fibres are replaced with connective tissue and so become weaker and less flexible – muscles thinning, decline in mobility, arthritis.
- anaemia as food is less well absorbed
- Bones become more brittle – a process of osteoporosis whereby bones are more likely to break. This condition is more likely to affect women than men.
- Ligaments loss elasticity – stiffening of the joints
- Throughout life bone is being built and lost. This process of loss becomes faster than the process of bone production.
- The discs of cartilage between the spinal vertebrae become thinner and harder leading to loss of height – hunching of the back.
- Cardiovascular system – heart becomes less sufficient at pumping blood around the body, the issue walls of the blood vessels lose elasticity and become rigid, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease.
- Respiratory system – muscles of the diaphragm become weaker resulting in shallower breathing, the walls of the alveoli lose elasticity and thicken affecting gaseous exchange in the lungs.
- Certain disorders may also affect the ability to inhale effectively, asthma, emphysema, chronic obstruction pulmonary disease.
- Digestive system – muscles of the alimentary canal become weaker, peristalsis slows down – constipation. The breaking down of food into small particles is less efficient.
- Nervous system – degeneration of sense organs or nervous tissues, cognitive changes, motor neuron disease.
Motor skills in later adulthood. In later adulthood the organ system is fully developed but adults may continue to learn new motar skills. During later adulthood gross and motar skills may deteriorate as a result of
- Accident
- Stroke
- The ageing process
It depends on the extent of the damage done to the nervous system, but usually some of the motar skills may be relearned.
Freddie’s social development would be:
In later adulthood older people tend to get in contact with long lost friends from their childhood; this is socially important for older people as they can have someone to talk to and also someone to rely on if any problems occur. This will also build up their confidence and self concept. Although some older people tend to close themselves out of the world socially and not talk to anyone or go to any community activities aimed at older people. Community activities for older people are there to maintain social contact. Social contact during adulthood is very important, as, if Freddie didn’t associate with anyone and stayed in his house all the time he would become very depressed and lonely. This would show a negative effect on his self concept.
Retirement also affects older people socially. It may affect them positively or negatively.
If Freddie was a well fit older person and it came to retirement, he may feel that he is of no use now and unable to complete any other ambitions he has in his life. He will find it difficult to let go of the routine he followed, for example getting up in the morning and going to work. He may feel very depressed in house during the day and find it hard to go to any social clubs for the elderly, as he used to work most of his life.
Although retirement may be a joyful experience for other people, Freddie may love the fought of retirement. He could have planned his retirement and put by some money on a saving scheme to go on holidays. Freddie may have also paid off his mortgage. Many people think of retirement as a reward of all the hard work they have done in their life and tend to live life as full as possible and spend more time with family and friends. After retirement Freddie may also take into hand new skills and activities in life such as; golf, bowling, swimming, flower arranging. This is a good impact of retirement as older people will be able to fill their time up with new hobbies.
Freddie’s emotional development may be:
Freddie is on his last life stage and will have to come to contact that his ageing process will be inevitable. Freddie may also have to deal with other deaths of his friends, family and maybe even his partner. Freddie will have to learn a new skill on how to deal with death experiences. He will have to learn how to cope on his own if his partner dies. Freddie will have to deal with the impact of his loved one dying; this may involve how to keep socially active and try not to burden too much over this as this may result in him being isolated from the outside world.
He also has to deal with the no longer vital occupational role and this can be very depressing for some of the older people.
Role changes – Freddie will have to deal with the role change of his occupation. Also Freddie may well have to deal with becoming a grandparent, this may involve babysitting for his kids, this would take up some of Freddie’s time, but would be in a good way, it would spare some of the time that he used to work.
Financially Freddie may feel depressed. From the change of his monthly/weekly wages to pension may prove to be difficult in Freddie’s life. Although he has the same outgoings, prices in our economy are increasing but the pension still stays the same. Freddie will have to learn how to manage his new income as the gap between them gets bigger. Many people threat coming to this life stage due to financial problems.
Freddie’s intellectual development would be:
Freddie may find it difficult to recall things that happened in his life as the memory starts to decline in this life stage. It starts slightly in the middle age and by the age of 60 it may start to show slightly. It may find it hard to recall what did happen or what he imagined happened. This may make Freddie feel useless in a sense of way as he may get annoyed of not remembering things. Although there are many older people who recall and remember things from the pass, and third age university courses prove this.
