This report is about four interactions that I carried out in two different care environments. I carried out two group interactions, one took place in a day nursery for children aged 0-5 years old and the other group interaction took place in a residential

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Introduction

This report is about four interactions that I carried out in two different care environments. I carried out two group interactions, one took place in a day nursery for children aged 0-5 years old and the other group interaction took place in a residential home for elderly people. I also carried out two 0ne-to-one interactions in the same two care settings.

By carrying out both one-to-one and group interactions in both settings, it allowed me to compare the different use of communication as well as transmission of values in different care environments and also in different contexts. I have not stated the name of the residential home or day nursery and I have changed all the names of the people I interacted with for confidentiality reasons.

This report contains an analysis and interpretation for all four interactions, a comparison of the interactions, discussion of the methods used, evaluation of the findings and the conclusions made from the interactions. The report also contains a bibliography and Appendices showing the full interactions and the witness statements for all four of my interactions.

Analysis and Interpretation

Interaction 1

My first interaction was with a group of children, aged 3-4 years. The group consisted of one boy and three girls. I have renamed the children Henry, Kayleigh, Erika and Matilda. This interaction took place in the play room of a day nursery. When this interaction was over, I wrote a witness statement, which the acting base room manager who had observed me signed. The full interaction is shown as appendix 1 (Page 14 & 15) and the witness statement is shown as appendix 2 (Page 16).

The group of children were already formed. They were sitting on the floor in the playroom playing with musical toy instruments. I had decided to join their group rather than form a group myself. The reason for this was because the children were likely to know each other and feel comfortable with playing together. Therefore, if I joined them, then they wouldn’t be shy or scared to talk to me, as they were sitting with other children they are familiar with. In 1965, Tuckman identified four stages of group development- Forming, Storming, Norming and Performing. The forming stage is where the group comes together and the individuals get to know each other. The second stage, storming, is where conflict is likely to occur. Power and control are the main issues at this stage. Individuals in the group will argue over the purpose of the group and the roles within it. The roles of the individuals and the purpose of the group will become clearer at this stage because power and control battles are won and lost. The norming stage is where agreement is reached on how the group operates. At this stage individual in the group tend to work together to resolve conflicts. In the final stage, performing, the group has learnt to work effectively in order to meet its objectives. Individuals at this stage are more comfortable being around each other and they mainly focus on the overall purpose of the group rather than relationships between themselves. ().

My interaction with the group of children shows the first two stages of group formation- Forming and Storming. The forming stage can be seen when I joined the group of children. There was no conflict and the children waited for their turn to play their instrument and respected other members of the group by not interrupting them. At the forming stage a leader often emerges and as shown in appendix one, I was the one who led the group. I know I did this because at the start of the interaction I was the only one asking questions and the children only spoke when they responded to my question. The storming stages developed about half way through the activity when Henry interrupted me and ignored the fact that it wasn’t his turn. This suggests that he may have wanted the most power and control of the group.  

I maintained the care value base by giving each child the same opportunities. I know I transmitted this value because I made sure that each child had a chance to show me what sound their musical instrument makes. For example, when it was Erika’s turn to play her tambourine but I was unable to stop Henry playing his piano and listen to Erika, I made sure that Erika knew I would still be listening to her by giving her eye contact and as suggested Warner “Making eye contact shows that we are paying attention” (Jon Warner, 2002, Page 91). This also shows evidence that I did respect that service users have the right to equal opportunities. I also gave the children choices and made sure I was not forcing anyone to do something they didn’t want to. Service users’ right to choice is supported by the Care Standards Act 2000. This value was transmitted by asking the children “who wants to play their instrument first for me then?” and when Henry volunteered the others seemed happy with Henry going first, as they didn’t show any signs that they were upset e.g. by sighing or not listening to Henry’s instrument. The care value base also involves encouraging independence and supporting the service users. In 1980 Erikson (Linda L. Dunlap, 2004, Page 99) “advocated for children to be allowed to develop an increasing sense of independence.” I was aware of this value and transmitted it by praising the children after they played their instrument. For example, when I said “that was great Kayleigh!” I made sure that each child was praised at least once in order for them to feel equal. Praise serves two purposes, “It gives children immediate feedback on their efforts” and “boosts their sense of competence and self-esteem.” (Geoffrey Moss, 1995, Page 56). Further relating to the care value base, I maintained confidentiality by changing all the names of the children and not naming the day nursery.

However, there were many barriers to effective communication. Such as, emotional differences e.g. Kayleigh was very shy and therefore did not interact with me verbally although, to an extent, I do think I overcame this barrier, as we both  gave each other very good eye contact and facial expressions such as smiling, which Kayleigh often did and this indicated that she was happy and enjoying herself. Age and Culture were also barriers to effective communication here. This interaction also took place in a noisy environment with other children playing around us; therefore there was no privacy. I also lost Henry’s interest and cooperation. In order to overcome this barrier I could have tried a different technique to get Henry’s attention back instead of just moving on with the interaction.

This interaction has shown me that I would have to act in a similar manner when carrying out a different activity with a group of children. For example, playing board games. This activity would also require that each child is treated equally and is not discriminated in any way. In order to avoid discrimination carers need to ensure that they communicate effectively with all groups of people and they should also ensure that they don’t chose not to communicate effectively to clients because of how they feel about their ;lifestyle or background this is referred to as prejudice.  All service users are entitled to the same quality of care and carers should therefore communicate effectively with all service users. There are laws to protect service users from discrimination: Race Relations Act 1976, Sec Discrimination Act 1975 and The Disability Discrimination Act 1995.

Interaction 2

My second interaction was a one-to-one with a three year old girl, which took place in a day nursery. Again, I have changed the girls name to Amy for confidentiality reasons. The reason why I chose Amy was because the nursery staff told me that Amy is not shy and is very talkative, therefore it was likely that I would get a conversation going with her. While I was doing my interaction an acting base room manager observed me and signed a witness statement when the interaction was over. The witness statement and the full interaction are shown as appendices 3 and 4 (Pages 17, 18 & 19).

The care value base outlines the basic principles for carers in care settings. The care value base consists of 5 values: Confidentiality, Effective Communication, Respect for individual choice, identity, culture and beliefs, empowerment and Anti-Discriminatory Practice. It can be seen that right at the start of the interaction I maintained the care value base by giving Amy a choice. The care value base states that clients have the right to make their own choices and carers should encourage them to do so and this value is also supported by The Care Standards Act 2000. I asked Amy “which story would you like me to read?” This gave her control in the activity; therefore I made her feel empowered. “Empowerment is about making sure that people are able to make choices, and that they can take as much control of their lives as possible” (Yvonne Nolan, 2003, Page 1). In order to empower service users carers need to encourage individual choice as I did in this interaction. Empowering clients will make them feel valued and respected. I also respected her rights by asking her first whether she would want me to read to her. I didn’t make the decision for her or force her to do something she didn’t want to do. The care value base also involves encouraging independence, which will help a child improve their self-confidence. It is important that carers who care for children encourage independence in a child, in order for them to learn to do things on their own and for them to learn that they don’t need to rely on other people to help them with things they are capable of doing.

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I transmitted this value by letting Amy choose the story herself. I showed interest and agreed to the things Amy was saying. For example when Amy said she doesn’t like crocodiles I responded by saying “Neither do I.” I also praised Amy e.g. when I said “Well done!”  I do think it is important to praise children as it can help a child develop a positive self-concept and improve their self confidence. Also, praise “helps children to boost self-esteem and can increase occurrence of desirable behaviour” (Helen Orvaschel, 2001, Page 115).

When I didn’t share the same view ...

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