Respiratory System: The lungs do not work alone they depend on the muscles of individuals rib cages to help especially the diaphragm when we breathe in your diaphragm tightens and flattens allowing you to take air into out lungs when we exhale our diaphragm and other rib cage muscles relax and the air comes out of our lungs. To get the oxygen we need to inhale through our mouth and nose warm and moisten the air and filter dust and dirt before the air passes through the throat into the trachea or windpipe. From there air airways gets increasingly smaller, the trachea is divided into 2 air passages called bronchial tubes, 1 leads to the left lung the other to the right bronchial tubes divide into yet smaller air passage called bronchi and then into broncininioles. At the end of the bronchioles are tiny air sacs called Alveoli that’s are clustered like bunches of tiny balloons, when we breathe in the balloons expands as air rushes in when we breathe out the balloons relaxes and air moves out of the lungs there are approximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs tiny vessels that surround each of these balloons transfer oxygen from the inhales air to the blood and also allow carbon dioxide and waste gases to be exhales. In order for gas exchange to occur the body needs to keep the airways free of obstruction normally a sticky layer of mucus lines the airways trapping dirt and bacteria the bronchial tree is lines with tiny hair like called cilia. These cilia move into the mucus upward to a point where it can be coughed out or swallowed. Coughing is the body’s ways of removing mucus reducing the risk of infection.
The Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen it is attached to the spine, ribs and sternum and is the main muscle of respiration, playing a very important role in the breathing process. There are openings in the diaphragm for the esophagus, the pyretic nerve which controls the movements of the diaphragm to produce breathing, and the aorta and vena cava blood vessels, which lead to and from the heart. When air is drawn into the lungs, the muscles in the diaphragm contract, and pull the central tendon down. This enlarges the chest (thoracic cavity), and air then passes into the lungs to fill the larger space.
The Alveoli: Are branches of the respiratory system, alveoli are where oxygen from the air enters your blood, and carbon dioxide from your body is expelled back into the air. Once it is in your lungs, air goes through a maze of smaller and smaller bronchial tubes until it reaches clusters of tiny sacs the alveoli. In appearance they are somewhat like bunches of grapes. These alveoli are tiny, but your lungs are simply packed with them an estimated three hundred million per lung, all required to ensure that your body gets the oxygen it needs.
The Nasal cavity: The main function of the nasal cavity is to act as the main passageway for the airflow entering the lungs. The nasal cavity also filters the incoming air, regulates temperature and humidifies the nasal passage to aid the filtering function.
Renal System: The body takes nutrients from food and coverts them to energy after the body has taken the food that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The main functions of the renal system are to keep the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits, the renal system also controls the concentrations of different electrolytes in the body fluids and retains normal PH of the urinary bladder and urethra the kidneys filter the blood to remove waste and produce urine. The ureters urinary bladder and urethra together form urinary tract which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys store it and then releases it during urination.
The Pancreas: Produces some of the hormones that control glucose levels in the blood to secrete enzymes into the small intestine that help the body to break down and digest food
The Kidneys: Are located at the back of the abdominal cavity there is 1 at each side of the spine just below the level of the diaphragm they are bean shaped and weigh between 115g and 170g in the adults with the left kidney slightly larger than the right the kidney filter out and remove excess salt, water and waste products from the blood creating urine they keep the composition of the blood balanced, maintain correct levels of minerals, salt and fluids.
The Liver: Is the largest internal organ in the human body it is on the right side of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm the liver performs a number of functions including storage of iron and some vitamins, removal of drugs, alcohol and other toxins from the blood, production of the heat that keeps the body warm and production of the bile salts that break down fat in the small intestines.
Nervous System: The nervous system consists of the brain spinal cord and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body and communication among its parts. The brain and spinal cord form the control centre known as the central nervous system where information is evaluated and decision made. The sensory nerves and sense organs of the peripheral nervous system conditions inside and outside of the body and send this information to the central nervous system. Efferent nerves in the peripheral nervous system carry signals from control centre to the muscles, glands and organs to regulate their functions. The majority of the nervous systems are tissue made up of 2 classes of cells: neurons and neuroglia.
The Neurons: These are known as nerve cells, communicate within the body by transmitting electrochemical signals neurons look different from other cells in the body due to the many long cellar process that extend from their central cell body. The cell body is the roughly round part of a neuron that contains the nucleus, mitochonia and most of the cellular organelles. Small structures called dendrites extend from the cell body to pick up stimuli from the environment other neutrons or sensory receptor cells long transmitting processes called axons extend from the body to send signals onward to other neurons or effector cells in the body.
Neuroglia: Are known as glial cells act as the helper cells of the nervous system each neuron in the body is surrounded by anywhere from 6 to 60 neuroglia that protect, feed and insulate the neuron because neuron are extremely specialised cells that are essential to the body function and almost never reproduce neuroglia are vital to maintaining a functional nervous system.
The Brain: Has 3 functions
To receive and respond to information about a person’s environment
To coordinate and control physical functions such as breathing, hear rate, balance and movement
To make the individual self aware and able to think about others
The brain is located in the skull it is a complex organ which acts as the control centre for nervous system and the body as a whole.
The Spinal cord: The spinal cord runs from the base of the skull all the way down the spine to the tail bone the neurons are found in an H-shaped space within the spinal vertebrae. There are motor pathways coming down from the brain and sensory pathways going up to the brain. Sensory nerves enter into the back parts of the "H," while motor neurons exit the forward parts ventral roots of the "H." interneuron’s often connect these sensory and motor neurons.
Skeletal System: Includes all of the bones and joints in the body, each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibres and minerals, the skeleton acts as a scaffolding by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that makes up the rest of the body. The skeleton system also provides attachment new blood cells are produced the red bone marrow inside of our bones. Bones act as the body’s warehouse for calcium, iron and energy in the form of fat. Finally the skeleton grows throughout childhood and provides a framework for the rest of the body to grow along with it. The skeletal system in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones theses bones are arranged into 2 major divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axis and is made up of 80 bones in the:
Skull
Hyoid
Auditory Ossicles
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral Column
The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the following:
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral Shoulder Girdle
Immune & Lymphatic system: Are 2 closely related organ systems that share several organs and physiological functions the immune systems is our body’s defence system against infectious pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi as well as parasitic animals and protest the immune system works to keeps these harmful agents out of the body and attacks those that manage to enter. The lymphatic system is a system of capillaries, vessels, nodes and other organs that transports a fluid called lymph from the tissues as it returns to the bloodstream. The lymphatic tissues as it return the bloodstream. The lymphatic tissues of these organs filter and cleans the lymph of any abnormal cells or pathogens the lymphatic system also transports fatty acids from the intestines of the circulatory system.
The Heart: Function is to pump blood to the lungs and around the body blood delivers oxygen, nutrients hormones and antibodies to all areas of the body and takes away waste products. A normal size adult human heart is about the size of a clenched fist and it is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
The Kidneys: Are located at the back of the abdominal cavity there is 1 at each side of the spine just below the level of the diaphragm they are bean shaped and weigh between 115g and 170g in the adults with the left kidney slightly larger than the right the kidney filter out and remove excess salt, water and waste products from the blood creating urine they keep the composition of the blood balanced, maintain correct levels of minerals, salt and fluids.
Bone Marrow: Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside our bones all bones in newborn babies has active marrow, which means they are producing new marrow cells. By the time your child reaches young adulthood, the marrow inside the bones of the hands, feet, arms, and legs stop producing new marrow cells. Our bone marrow produces blood cells, called red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Inside the marrow, blood cells start off as young, immature cells called stem cells. Once they develop, blood cells do not live for a long time inside our bodies. This is why our marrow continuously produces all three types of blood cells to keep us healthy.
The White blood cells: White blood cells help the body fight against infection. There are many different types of white blood cells, which include:
Lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. These white blood cells fight against invading bacteria, viruses, or fungi to help destroy infection each of these cells differs in appearance.
Eosinophils and basophils. These white blood cells respond to allergens that can invade our bodies.
The Platelets: Platelets are blood cells that help the blood coagulate (stick together) to help stop bleeding at sites on the body that have been cut or injured. Platelets form the scab that is formed over a small cut.
Urinary System: Consists of the kidneys, urethras urinary bladder and urethra the kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and produce urine the urethras, urinary bladder and urethra together form the urinary tract which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine from the kidneys, store it and then realise it during urination. Besides filtering are eliminating wastes from the body the urinary system also maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, Ph, blood pressure, calcium and red blood cells.
The Urethras: Urine drains from your kidneys to your bladder through tubes called urethras
The Bladder: Function is to store urine until it is removed from the body the bladder stretches when it fills and contracts when it is emptied on average, your bladder can hold 400 to 600ml of urine.
The Kidneys: Are located at the back of the abdominal cavity there is 1 at each side of the spine just below the level of the diaphragm they are bean shaped and weigh between 115g and 170g in the adults with the left kidney slightly larger than the right the kidney filter out and remove excess salt, water and waste products from the blood creating urine they keep the composition of the blood balanced, maintain correct levels of minerals, salt and fluids.
Cardiovascular System: Consists of the heart, blood vessels and the approximately 5 litres of blood that the blood vessels transport responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones and cellular waste products throughout the body the cardiovascular system is powered by the bodies hardest working organ the heart which is only about the size of a closed fist even at rest average heart easily pumps over 5 litres of blood throughout the body every minute.
The Heart: Function is to pump blood to the lungs and around the body blood delivers oxygen, nutrients hormones and antibodies to all areas of the body and takes away waste products. A normal size adult human heart is about the size of a clenched fist and it is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
Female Reproductive System: Includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands and breasts these organs are involved in the production and transportation of gametes and the production of sex hormones the female reproductive system also facilities the fertilization of ova sperm and supports the development of offspring during pregnancy and infancy.
The Fallopian Tube: The fallopian tube extends from the uterus to the ovary. This tube carries eggs and sperm and is where fertilization of the egg or ovum takes place. The fallopian tubes lie in the pelvic portion of the abdominal cavity and each tube reaches from an ovary to become the upper part of the uterus. This funnel-shaped tube is about three inches in length.
The Uterus: The uterus or womb is a hollow, muscular organ in which a fertilized egg, called the zygote, becomes embedded and in which the egg is nourished and allowed to develop until birth. It lies in the pelvic cavity behind the bladder and in front of the bowel.
The Ovaries: The ovaries are a pair of oval or almond-shaped glands that lie on either side of the uterus and just below the opening to the fallopian tubes. In addition to producing eggs or ova, the ovaries produce female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone. The female, unlike the male, does not manufacture the sex cells.
The Vagina: The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube connecting the cervix of the uterus to the vulva and exterior of the body. The vagina is located in the pelvic body cavity posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.
The Cervix: The cervix of uterus is the lower one-third of the uterus. It is the tubular cervix, which extends downward into the upper portion of the vagina. The cervix surrounds the opening called the cervical orifice, through which the uterus communicates with the vagina.
Male Reproductive System: Includes the srcotum, testes, spermatic ducts, sex glands and penis these organs work together to produce sperm the male gamete and the other components of semen these organs also work together to deliver semen out of the body and into the vagina where it can fertilize the egg cells to produce offspring.
The Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root, which attaches to the wall of the ; the body, or shaft; and the glands, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis the glands, also called the head of the penis, are covered with a loose layer of called foreskin.
The Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than body temperatures are the male reproductive organs that produce and store sperm cells and that manufacture the hormones testosterone.
by
jbkezza21 (student)
