Along with newspapers and radio was television, not widely used, as it was not a major means of media. However, Hitler did use television to broadcast the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, which were images that were broadcasted all over the world, not just Germany.
Another major media use of propaganda was film. However, film was more of a means of relaxation than for propaganda uses. The 1930s had a great increase in production and audience. The audience numbers quadrupled between 1933 and 1942. Again, the state controlled the German film industry. Although four major film companies were allowed to remain private, the RMVP gradually brought the shares, so indirectly the state did own the industry. In 1942, all were nationalised under Ufi (Ufa Film GmbH).
Several American films were banned, and Gobbels made himself responsible for approving every film. Films were classified as - 'politically and artistically valuable', 'culturally valuable', 'film of the nation', 'valuable for youth'.
Leni Riefenstahl was the most famous producer, who was commissioned to make detailed recordings of rallies and festivals. Her most famous films included, 'Triumph of the Will', about the Nuremberg Rally and 'Olympia', about the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. Some films did show strong propaganda and based on big propaganda events - just like rallies. In 1940 alone, three anti-Semitic films were released to stress the 'Jewish problem'. After a horrific 'Der Ewige Jude', which was reworked twelve times after Hitler insisted on being more gruesome, Gobbels arranged for the production of 'Jud Suss'. Films were probably more effective in keeping support for the regime, rather than bring in more supporters. In this case, entertainment took a priority.
Images and visual propaganda was very wide, many photographs and poster were displayed in the workplace, in schools, down the street, everywhere. Hitler had an official photographer who would manage shots. Hitler himself would practice expressions and poses. Posters were very dramatic and powerful, including slogans such as, 'Young people serve the Fuhrer' to ten-year-olds.
Away from the media, propaganda was active in other areas, such as education. Many teachers were already sympathetic towards the regime. By 1936, over 30% had joined the Nazi Party voluntarily. However, teachers were pressurised into joining the National Socialist Teachers' League (NSLB). By 1937, 97% had joined. Members had to attend training courses about stressing Nazi ideology and physical education. Nazi officials kept recorded of attendance and those who didn't regularly attend and weren't committed to the regime could be dismissed. Other than the teachers, the regime's other major strategy was changing the curriculum. There was a lot of emphasis on physical education, which, by 1936, took up two hours a day. Of course, Nazi ideas were emphasised too, especially in biology and history. Religious education was seen as insignificant and eventually was replaced. In 1935, all textbooks had to be approved. There was a move from co-educational schools; this was to 'ensure' that both sexes got the appropriate education. Girls would take needlework, music and home crafts to ensure they would become good mothers and wives.
In 1933, the Education Minister, Rust, announced the plans for National Political Institutions of Education (NAPOLAs). These were for boys, aged 10-18, with a purpose to develop them as future leaders. Three years later, the SS took over the NAPOLAs. There were 21 by 1938 and 39 by 1943. A military-style boarding education with 'platoon' classes was provided. Again there was much more stress on physical education, manual labour and further political training.
In 1937, special leadership schools were set up - Adolf Hitler Schools. There was only a small number of these - eleven. They were free boarding schools for 12-18 year-old boys. However, Nazi leaders did not send their own children to these schools.
In terms of higher education, there were few changes. The most significant was the decrease in students. In 1933 there were 113,000 and in 1939, 57,000. However the number did rise again to 82,000 in 1942 - this was due to the increase in female students - 11% were female in 1939 and 49% in 1944. In general, the government did not intervene with universities. In 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service led to 1,200 - roughly 10% - university teachers being dismissed. There was very little reaction to this. In November 1933, all university teachers had to sign a 'Declaration in Support of Hitler and the National Socialist State' and join the Nazi Lecturers' Association. In terms of students, they were forced to join the German Students' League, which was, of course, Nazi-controlled. However, by the 1940s, Nazi leaders had recognised that standards were falling and that they needed to train more scientists to compete with other countries.
Art, film, music, architecture have all played big parts in propaganda. As seen previously seen, films were more for relaxation, rather than for propaganda purposes.
Sculpture was accessible to everyone. In 1934, a decree was made to all public buildings, stating that the buildings should be embellished by sculptures representing this Nazi message. There was a massive series of sculptured muscular men reflecting on the great Aryan race.
1937 saw two major art exhibitions - the Exhibition of Great German Art and the Exhibtition of Degenerate Art. The Exhibition of Great German Art was held in a newly built museum and held two purposes - an opportunity for artists to display and sell their work and also for people to see 'true' German art. Out of 16, 00 submitted pieces, only 6,000 were displayed. The art represented the master race and the day of Exhibition turned into a Day of German Art, which became an annual festival of 2,000 of German history parading through Munich. The next day - 19th July, was the Exhibtition of Degenerate Art. The artwork reflected the disruption of established values under the Weimar Republic that brought Germany to its knees. The pieces of work, which included pieces from Picasso and Van Gogh, toured around the country and then either destroyed, sold abroad or kept by Goering.
However, architecture was seen as the most artistic form of propaganda. Hitler described it as 'the word in stone'. Hitler favoured a neo-classical, monumental style of building. Hitler also said "Our enemies and our followers must realise that these buildings strengthen our authority". In 1937, during the Paris International Exhibition of Arts and Technology, Albert Speer designed a 65-metre tower, built entirely from German materials and weighing more than 100,000 tonnes. The purpose of this building was to face the Soviets in a rivalry.
In May 1933, an organised burning of Books was held in Berlin, in which 20,000 books were burnt in order to cleanse the new Germany. Novelists went into exile, others stayed but were forbidden to publish and some imprisoned. Books were meant to promote Nazi ideas or be neutral. In the theatre, plays had to approved, those that were had content of historical drama, light entertainment and 'blood and soil' stories. The Reich chamber of Music controlled production. Even though music couldn't be used as propaganda as art, posters, etc, it was still monitored to remove Jewish influences. Hitler's favourite composers, Wagner, Strauss and Bruckner, were more heard. Music was used to stir patriotic emotions in marches, rallies and festivals
The Nazi regime was very dedicated to propaganda, it had a lot of though and careful construction in gaining, and sometimes pressurised people for, support. Many historians seen the impact of propaganda on the German people as powerful, just like the regime did
