The Prelude to the 1975 War and the Cairo Agreement.
The 1975 - 1990 War The Prelude to the 1975 War and the Cairo Agreement Fouad Shihab became president after Camille Chamoun and although he built up the Lebanese intelligence service, called the Deuxième Bureau, the army was almost ignored and remained powerless, small, and was becoming weaker and weaker as time went on. The army's inactivity continued under Shihab's successor, Charles Helou, who became president in 1964. Helou and his army commander refused to commit Lebanese troops to the June 1967 war as an armitice agreement had been signed between the two countries in 1949 and the Lebanese Army was far too small and weak to get involved. This enraged many Lebanese Muslims as well as Syria, the mortal enemy of Israel. Immediately after the Arab defeat of 1967 Syria started sending Palestinian guerrillas into Lebanon to attack Israel. As soon as the PLO came to Lebanon, the violence that was to destroy the country began. On October 20, 1969 large numbers of Palestinain guerrillas began gathering on the western slopes of Mount Hermon in the Arqub region of Lebanon a few days later on the 29th these Palestinians fired on a Lebanese army patrol which resulted in the deaths of three Lebanese soldiers and the death one guerrilla with two injured. Imediatley Voice of Palestine broadcasts from cairo started to warn the Lebanese not to interfere with Palestinain raids into
American History.
American History . The means and methods and reasons for the founding of the first English colonies - By the sixteenth century, many countries, including Spain, France and the Netherlands, had established colonies in the New World. Until the foundation of Jamestown, however, the English didn't have any successful permanent colonies in North America. - Prior to Jamestown, Sir Walter Raleigh of the Sea Dogs formed a joint stock company and received a charter to found a colony on Roanoke Island in 1584. It failed, and he tried again in 1585 and 1587. Both were failures, and the fate of the 1587 colony remains a mystery (all colonists disappeared). - Anyhow, several factors encouraged the English to try again with Jamestown even after their earlier failures, and motivated people to join the expeditions. These reasons include... "Overcrowding" - England had experienced a dramatic population boom,? resulting in social and economic upheaval (inflation, falling wages, peasants losing their land b/c of the enclosure movement, many homeless people, rapidly growing cities). Competition - The English government was concerned about losing ground in? the competition with the Spanish for overall power and with the Dutch for trading. Since they had colonies, it was only natural that England would want them as well. Religion - This applies more to the prospective colonists than to the?
Many peoples have contributed to the development of the United States of America, a vast nation that arose from a scattering of British colonial outposts
United States, history of the Many peoples have contributed to the development of the United States of America, a vast nation that arose from a scattering of British colonial outposts in the New World. The first humans to inhabit the North American continent were migrants from northeast Asia who established settlements in North America as early as 8000 BC and possibly much earlier (see NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY). By about AD 1500 the native peoples of the areas north of the Rio Grande had developed a variety of different cultures (see INDIANS, AMERICAN). The vast region stretching eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean was relatively sparsely populated by tribes whose economies were generally based on hunting and gathering, fishing, and farming. VIKINGS explored the North American mainland in the 10th and 11th centuries and settled there briefly (see VINLAND). Of more lasting importance, however, was the first voyage (1492-93) of Christopher COLUMBUS, which inaugurated an age of great European EXPLORATION of the Western Hemisphere. Various European states (including Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, and Portugal) and their trading companies sent out expeditions to explore the New World during the century and a half that followed. The Spanish claimed vast areas, including Florida, Mexico, and the region west of the Mississippi River, although they
History of the United States
United States, history of the Many peoples have contributed to the development of the United States of America, a vast nation that arose from a scattering of British colonial outposts in the New World. The first humans to inhabit the North American continent were migrants from northeast Asia who established settlements in North America as early as 8000 BC and possibly much earlier (see NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY). By about AD 1500 the native peoples of the areas north of the Rio Grande had developed a variety of different cultures (see INDIANS, AMERICAN). The vast region stretching eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean was relatively sparsely populated by tribes whose economies were generally based on hunting and gathering, fishing, and farming. VIKINGS explored the North American mainland in the 10th and 11th centuries and settled there briefly (see VINLAND). Of more lasting importance, however, was the first voyage (1492-93) of Christopher COLUMBUS, which inaugurated an age of great European EXPLORATION of the Western Hemisphere. Various European states (including Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, and Portugal) and their trading companies sent out expeditions to explore the New World during the century and a half that followed. The Spanish claimed vast areas, including Florida, Mexico, and the region west of the Mississippi River, although they
This graduation paper is about U.S. - Soviet relations in Cold War period. Our purpose is to find out the causes of this war, positions of the countries which took part in it. We also will discuss the main Cold War's events.
Graduation Paper on theme: U.S. - Soviet relations. Contents. Introduction. 3 Chapter 1: The Historical Background of Cold War. 5 .1 The Historical Context. 5 .2 Causes and Interpretations. 10 Chapter 2: The Cold War Chronology. 17 2.1 The War Years. 17 2.2 The Truman Doctrine. 25 2.3 The Marshall Plan. 34 Chapter 3: The Role of Cold War in American History and Diplomacy. 37 3.1 Declaration of the Cold War. 37 3.2 ?old War Issues. 40 Conclusion. 49 Glossary. 50 The reference list. 51 Introduction. This graduation paper is about U.S. - Soviet relations in Cold War period. Our purpose is to find out the causes of this war, positions of the countries which took part in it. We also will discuss the main Cold War's events. The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion and misunderstanding by both the United States and Soviet Union, and their allies. At times, these conditions increased the likelihood of the third world war. The United States accused the USSR of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The Soviets, meanwhile, charged the United States with practicing imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activity in other countries. Each block's vision of the world contributed to East-West tension. The United States wanted a
Why did tension increase in Europe between 1900 and 1914?
CONFLICT IN THE MODERN WORLD: INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1900-1939 Why did tension increase in Europe between 1900 and 1914? Germany * Germany was the leading industrial and military power on the continent. In 1871 it had taken Alsace-Lorraine from France after the Franco-Prussian War. * Since 1887 the ruler of Germany had been Kaiser Wilhelm II. He had begun to pursue adventurous policies after the resignation of his chancellor Bismarck in 1890. * In 1898 and 1900 the German Navy Laws were passed. This threatened Britain's control of the seas. The two laws laid out plans for the construction of a large navy designed to rival Britain's by 1917. This was an example of the Kaiser's determination to make Germany a world power. Britain * In Britain the Laws were viewed with alarm since there was no apparent reason why Germany needed a navy, except to attack Britain. Britain depended on control of the seas in order to protect her vast empire. * The British government replied by beginning a programme of warship construction intended to maintain the 'two-power standard', which had been the basis of naval policy in the late nineteenth century. It simply stated that the British navy should be as big as the next two largest navies in the world. * The Kaiser also encouraged the creation of a German Empire. This also challenged Britain's dominant position. However, by 1914 there were
The Cold War was a big rivalry that developed after World War II.
The Cold War was a big rivalry that developed after World War II. This rivalry was between two groups: the Communist and non-Communist nations. On one side were the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its Communist allies. On the other side were the United States and its democratic allies.The rivalry was called the Cold War because it did not actually lead to fighting and had no real battle. There are many reasons that the Cold War started and there are many conflicts with other nations that happened around the Cold War which linked to the U.S.S.R. and U.S. This essay will outline the main causes and conflicts of the Cold War. No one is sure exactly why the Cold War began but many say that the Yalta Conference, a meeting of Allied leaders in February 1945, was a high point. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the Big Three Allies, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, met and made plans to form the United Nations as Stalin said he would go against Japan within three months after Germany surrendered. They also developed the Declaration on Liberated Europe, where they pledged to hold democratic elections in countries freed from the control of Germany and its allies. However, the Soviet Union didn't keep this agreement. The United States felt betrayed by Stalin's refusal to carry out all of his promises and by his determination to establish a "sphere of influence" in Eastern
Armed forces.
Armed forces This section provides information on the soldiers, sailors and airman who gained, maintained and then lost an empire. It must be remembered that the vast majority of the empire's military manpower was recruited from outside the mother country. It is interesting to note that some of the fiercest resistors to the British went on to become the staunchest allies and defenders of her empire; Highlanders, Sikhs and Gurkhas are perhaps the best examples of this phenomena. The military history of the empire is rich in colour and variety but is also inevitably linked to the darker and more sinister side of the empire through conquest, pacification and destruction. The tentacles of the military spread throughout the empire and beyond, the armed forces were not only the conquerors and defenders of the empire but also provided the garrisons that policed the vast expanses of territory and enabled communication over the vast distances involved. The military was very much the most important institution of the empire. Land forces Infantry The years around 1783 were tumultuous ones for the army and things were about to become even more difficult in the near future. The Army was coming to the end of its actions in the 13 colonies. Political and military defeat hung heavily over Britain at the time. The army had borne the brunt of the unsuccessful campaign and so were
Superpower Relations 1945-90
A6. Superpower Relations 1945-90 Why were the USA and USSR called 'Superpowers'? * The USA and USSR dominated world affairs from the 1940s onwards, and had a very strong influence over other countries. * They possessed the economic power and technology to compete with each other in a nuclear arms race. * Their power was based on an ideology: a fixed set of ideas about how society should be organised. USSR - Communism. USA - Capitalism. What are the main differences between Communism and Capitalism? Capitalism Communism Government Democracy. Free elections. Many political parties. One party rule. No choice at elections. Human Rights Few limits on basic human freedoms: religion, speech, travel etc. Strict limits on many human rights. Persecution / imprisonment for dissidents Economy Free-market: i.e. most farms, businesses, shops, etc privately owned. Socialist economy: state controls everything. Profits for public use (in theory). Living Standards Average living standards higher, but wide gap between rich and poor. Lower average living standards. More even distribution. Party members had privileges. 'Atomgrad' workers paid highly. Cultural Media and entertainment owned by private companies. Censorship rare, other than for public morality. State control of media & sport. Entertainment heavily censored for political conformity. Why did the superpowers
Total War, Britain during the Second World War
Total War, Britain during the Second World War Part 1: The outbreak of war When war broke out on 3 September 1939, the mood in Britain was very serious. Nobody expected that the war was going to be 'Over by Christmas'. The British government reacted quickly. There had been a war scare in September 1938 at the time of the Munich Crisis and this provided valuable practice for the real thing. In the meantime, gas-masks had been produced for everybody in the population and air-raid shelters had been constructed. The Emergency Powers Act, which allowed the government to control public life throughout the war was passed in August 1939. On aspect of it was the introduction of Identity Cards, which had to be carried at all times. These were also used for National Registration which allowed people to be called up for the armed forces or for war work. Fears of bombing It was widely believed that British towns and cities would be bombed immediately after war was declared and that hundreds of thousands of people would be killed or wounded. In 1937 the Air Ministry had estimated that on the first day of a war with Germany, 3,500 tonnes of bombs would be dropped on Britain and that a further 700 tonnes would be dropped on every day after that. Deaths were estimated at fifty people for every tonne of bombs. 1,250,000 cardboard coffins were produced and plans were made for mass burials.
