Was the nobility the most important factor in destabilising France in the years leading to the outbreak of civil war in France in 1562?
Was the nobility the most important factor in destabilising France in the years leading to the outbreak of civil war in 1562? The outbreak of civil war among the French in 1562 may be perceived simply as an unexpected occurrence with regard to the change of rule three years earlier, when Henry II died from injuries after a jousting competition on 30th June to celebrate the two marriages permitted by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis. Largely known as the period of Renaissance Monarchy, the rules of Francis I and Henry II are often associated with moderate successes in terms of religion and foreign policy, and the authority of the crown was never diminished. The rule of Francis II was clearly preceded by monarchs of greater competence; during his reign, disturbances among the noble families had a prominent role in destabilising France, but they were not the only such factor. Economic issues, religion and the system of clientage had a similar effect, alongside the predominant role of the King's regent and mother, Catherine de Medici. Francis' feeble rule created a power vacuum between the rival noble families. During the reign of Henry, court influence was shared between the Montmorency and Guise families, and when Francis was crowned, the Guises quickly secured their position of influence, having an immediate advantage because the King was married to their niece, Mary Stuart.
Explain the successes of Calvin in Geneva
Explain the successes of Calvin in Geneva Calvin's successes in Geneva were due to several key reasons, the first being the unique, coherent belief system he develops, allowing Calvinism to succeed not just in Geneva, but all over Europe. Secondly, Calvin establishes a heavily structured hierarchy in of individuals with different responsibilities in Geneva, resulting in the education of the people of Geneva (with an emphasis on Calvinism) but also their strict discipline, which both play an important role in Calvin's doctrine. There are also other external factors that contribute to Calvin's successes, particularly the support he receives from the Genevan, giving him the ability to eliminate his opposition, as he did with Servetus, and the Libertines. Above all, one of the main reasons of Calvin's success is that his own strong belief in his duty towards Genevans, and Protestants generally - he returns to Geneva, despite knowing he would have no official authority, and despite having been treated terribly the first time, with many opposing his attempts at discipline. Calvin's coherent belief system plays an important role in not only his success in Geneva and this is mainly due to his 'Institutes of Christian Religion' which turns out to be a huge best seller. The significance of his 'Institutes' is that it had been the first time any one had ever systemically explained the
Is Utilitarian field of thought still present in todays policing
This essay will address the influence of Utilitarian thought in the introduction of policing during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. As a preface to the main essay, the circumstances that had been causing concern up to that point will be addressed, with the argument for whether Utilitarian thought is still present in today's policing and prison system concluding it. In Britain, a large population meant more poverty which brought with it desperation, which meant more crime. There was a rise of the new middle class who saw themselves as the new rich, and were adamant no one was going to take their newly gained money, and the power that they had gained resulted in them being willing to do anything to not return to being poor. The middle classes began to coax the police presence on the streets to be of a more similar standing to that already in place within the City of London and other urban areas. There were not enough trained police at this time, so punishments were determined by the individuals ability to pay. From the poor there was widespread anger at the lack of a voice, and they were concerned greatly with the unfairness the legal system in place at that time was giving them. (Briggs J, Harrison C, McInnes A and Vincent D 1996) The arrival of a new type of policing force would simply bestow more power upon the rich, and would control their already
To what extent did a strong succession mean a strong reign in the years 1066-1189?
To what extent did a strong succession mean a strong reign in the years 1066-1189? An analysis of the five king's in question and there ability to cope with rebellions would help elucidate the extent to which a King's reign would be effective. Rebellions had to be dealt with swiftly and effectively in order to safeguard the kings reign. The support of the people of London became paramount especially between the years 1130 and 1135 when this was a vital factor in deciding who would obtain the monarchy. Additionally, the new king would have to seize the treasury and therefore control the kingdoms finances. The concept of iconography was still in existence and was perhaps the most noteworthy method of identifying the new king. This included being crowned publically by a religious figure of high status. The latter is the systematic establishment of these factors within the kings' reign as well as a solid construction of governmental infrastructure. Although a strong succession may have assisted the maintenance of strong reign, perhaps it was the individual qualities of the king himself that determined the way he governed his kingdom that demonstrated a strong reign. Firstly, the suppression of the rebellions, and the complete annihilation of opposition was paramount if a King was to secure and maintain a successful reign. Perhaps the king that encountered the most rebellions
HISTORY: MEDIEVAL WOMEN
HISTORY: MEDIEVAL WOMEN What is known of women and their roles in society throughout the Middle Ages is vague and self-contradictory. Women then were looked upon as being very much controlled by men. However in more recent times historians have argued that medieval women seemed to have much more freedom in their lives than what was previously believed. Women were largely ignored in many aspects of the records kept of that time and, until more recently, were overlooked in the majority of history books. The reasons for this are most likely the fact that during medieval times it was the men who would keep the records and, until fairly recently, write the history books - which has more often than not paid attention to the upper ranks of society, who were also usually male. Another feature of medieval times was that society of that time was largely controlled by the Church. This produced a rather misogynistic view in general as according to Christianity, women were immoral and sinful due to Eve causing Adam to sin. Further investigation into the roles of women and the part they played in the society of the Middle Ages has tended to give a more balanced idea of how they lived compared to the traditional view of life for women in medieval times. This essay will be discussing and comparing the two sides of the picture regarding the views of medieval women and their circumstances
Cities were the main driving force of the Reformation in Germany(TM) " explain whether you agree or disagree (15 marks)
'Cities were the main driving force of the Reformation in Germany' - explain whether you agree or disagree (15 marks) There were many factors contributing to why Lutheranism spread in Germany. One of the main reasons is that Luther's message was flexible and therefore had a broad appeal. Other features that acted as a driving force of the Reformation in Germany are the use of the vernacular, Martin Luther's message itself and Charles V. However, the towns and cities can be seen as the main driving force as vast amounts of people heard of the Reformation and Luther's ideas in a short period of time. The cities were the main driving force most notably from 1521 to 1525. 51 out of 65 imperial cities became Lutheran however, the main driving force was taken over by the Princes after 1547 e.g. the Battle of Muhlberg. The cities played a major role in the spreading of the Reformation as a large and disproportionately high number of literate people could be found in them, among whom the method could be spread. The urban population was more likely to understand the more advanced points of Luther's theology. The cities were also the Humanist centres of learning, as this is who originally Luther had wanted his teachings to be aimed at ( e.g. as the 95 thesis were first originally written in Latin). Although not all were able to understand the minutiae of 'the Priesthood of all
Research Paper; The Important Scientific Discoveries of the Renaissance: Medicine
Important Scientific Discoveries of The Renaissance: Medicine Research Paper Kyra Connelly Honors History 9 F Block October 31, 2011 Mr. Deeb Life without medicine does not even seem possible, but the medical knowledge society has today must come from somewhere. It must have begun at a time when ideas were being put to good use, and everyone believed them. The time period ranging from 1350-1550 marked the span of the Renaissance ("re-birth"). It was during this time in Europe that cities that had just recovered from the Black Plague were starting to re-build and gain strength in their country again. In addition to this, there was a major progress of medical knowledge and renewed interest in the ancient ideas of the Europeans before them. This was made possible by technological advances, accidental discoveries, and continued learning. The entirety of medical development didn't make a drastic change in Europe right away, but the effects that could be felt later started with a few basic conceptions in the beginning; from the time before the Renaissance to the processes scientists discovered that had a big impact on the advancements we have today. Medicine's distinctive ideas and most important written sources of authoritative teaching did not originate in western Europe but were drawn from Greek antiquity and the world of Islam. The understanding of ancient medical
The 80s must be Understood to Understand Australia Today
Task 3: 'To Understand the Australia Today, You have to understand the 80s' The social and cultural features of the 1980s have had an impact on shaping Australia's current identity. In particular, fashion, music, entertainment and sport trends of the 1980s have influenced current Australia trends. Due to this, it can be stated that 'to understand Australia today', it is necessary to 'understand the 80s'. Fashion trends from the 1980s had a large impact on fashion trends in Australia today. In the 1980s, a great amount of focus was placed on social status, something largely reflected in fashion. This idea has been carried on to Australia today where people are judged consistently on their attire. The 'punk' and 'sporting' fashion styles, (such as the pink and blue sporting outfit seen in the Powerhouse Museum) which started in the 80s, have also proved as popular trends, influencing the trends today. It is important to understand these fashion trends, particularly their origins to understand the motivation fashion designers today. Music from the 1980s was also a large influence on popular types of music in Australia today. It is important when understanding music trends, to understand the origins. Many musical trends which started off in the 1980s started styles which have continued to this day. For example, the 1980s signified a time where rock and electronic music
The Significance of the Irish Convention, 1917
The Irish Convention. Holly Anderson. "The Irish Convention, 1917, had no real significance." Discuss. The Irish Convention was aimed at addressing the Home Rule question and other constitutional problems by involving all Irish parties in the hope of reaching a solution through means of compromise. Held in Trinity College Dublin, the delegates attending consisted of 26 Ulster Unionists, 9 Southern Unionists, 6 Labour representatives, 2 Liberals, and a Nationalist majority of 52. Of these Nationalists, however, none were members of the Sinn Fein Party, and so there was a lack of complete participation from all of the Irish parties and therefore, an insufficient representation of Irish political opinion. This would prove to be one of the crucial reasons why the Convention inevitably failed to accomplish it's original goals, but there were several other reasons why the idea was faced with problems from the start. The Ulster Unionists failed to partake in the Convention constructively and conflict was ripe between the party and the Southern Unionists. Seemingly unresolvable disputes over fiscal issues reinforced the Ulster Unionists' desire for partition. Although it failed to reach any real decisions on the answer to the Irish question, it did result in new problems for the parties involved. The only real significance of the Convention were the results on two parties in
October Revolution 1917
Why were the Bolsheviks successful in October 1917? In October of 1917, the Bolsheviks took power within Russia. Although their party was small, it was dedicated to making Russia a powerful communist party. So how did the Bolsheviks take power, was it because of their strength, or because of the weaknesses and failures of the provisional government. Was it due to the strong leadership shown by Lenin, the policy of ending the very unpopular war or their radical policies which the workers and soldiers both agreed with. However, was it because the provisional government had very little power, the mistakes made by Kerensky, or the divisions within the government which often contradicted each other. Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks. His role in the October revolution was critical. He was a strong leader, who empowered his supporters. He was the key-stone to the Bolshevik bridge, and with his determined personality he could push through vital policies. Without Lenin it would have been unlikely for the October revolution to have happened. Lenin was the undisputed leader of the Bolsheviks, which is the complete opposite to the provisional government, who were all squabbling for power. This made the revolution easy to co-ordinate. The result of all of this was the revolution was successful, and soon Lenin was in charge of Russia. The Bolshevik party was the only party within
