what role did desmond tutu have in the role to end apartheid

Plan of Invetigation This investigation evaluate the degree to which Archbishop Desmond Tutu played a role in the abolishment of the Apartheid regime in South Africa 1948-1994 to become a democratic nation. To assess the default leader role of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the investigation focuses on Desmond Tutu and F.W DE Klerk (former leader of the National Party 1989-1997) and there talks , agreements and hope for racial equality. Desmond Tutu came into the picture properly in 1976 aafter the soweto uprising, this is when he starts to take action and gets the international worlds attention. B Tutu had been one of the few blacks able totake advantage of the educational system, and now he was trying to open that door to others. The state said no however:Blacks must be educated for their future as common labours.(Samuel Willard Crompton 22) No longer could blacks expect to recieve a european-style education.(Samuel Willard Crompton 23) Tutu watched all of this with growing anger and despair (Samuel Willard Crompton 23) adding injury to the insult, the government also annonced that it would level Sophiatown.this was one the biggest black townships and as Father Huddleston(see appendix) described, an area rich inculture, history and hope.(Samuel Willard Crompton 23) Father Huddleston organised a couple of peace marchers, "despite protests and increasing notice from thw world

  • Word count: 1621
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Could The Division Of Germany Been Avoided In 1949?

Could The Division Of Germany Been Avoided In 1949? In 1949, Germany was divided into two opposing states, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc. There are many contrasting views on whether the division could have been avoided or not. One view is that the division was caused by the America, and its methods to try to make Europe economically like itself and if the division was done to build a separate Western state, to contain communism. However the opposing view is that, the Berlin Blockade, was just the USSR's way of acting in defence of America and its "threatening" goals. Also the conclusion could come to the idea that many American actions, such as the creation of NATO was done to protect itself as Stalin's foreign policy seemed like a genuine threat. Therefore I will be examining arguments and coming to a general conclusion of whether or not the division of Germany could or could not have been avoided in 1949. In order to come to this conclusion, you need to examine the events that led up to the division and if they could or could not have been avoided. Firstly, in December 15th 1947, the break up of London Foreign Ministers Conference occurred. At this time, it was unlikely that any agreement on Germany was possible. While America supported integrated Western Europe, the USSR wanted to avoid partitioning Germany and it would have a great effect on their economy. The

  • Word count: 1749
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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How important was the Society of Jesus in the Catholic Reformation?

How important was the Society of Jesus in the Catholic Reformation? The Society of Jesus was founded by the Spaniard, Ignatius Loyola and a group of his companions in 1534 who committed themselves to preserve and expand Catholicism and undertake whatever task the papacy might set them. They were recognised to be the "foot soldiers" of the Catholic Reformation. One of the key importance's of the Jesuits in the Catholic Reformation was their commitment to education; this began solely for the order but mixed colleges were also set for non-Jesuits. Jesuit colleges were extremely popular for several reasons, they offered a unmatched education with a structured curriculum which combined classic humanist and Christian approaches; they also offered boarding and despite this were completely free of charge, being funded by wealthy men such as princes; and finally because they allowed the children of ordinary men to be educated by the very best teachers, and among the future rulers of Catholicism, the sons of ruling elite - men such as Ferdinand II and Cardinal Richeliu. Ignatius Loyola once said "Give me the child ... and I will give you the man" and the extent of the successful expansion of Jesuit colleges can be illustrated by the fact that in 1565 the Society of Jesus had 2500 members, but by 1626 there were 15,500 - it is clear that the Jesuit colleges provided a ready supply of

  • Word count: 962
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Kingston. The World of the Novel.

The World of the Novel By: Ali Fahs Kingston: Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin. Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many historic buildings built from the local limestone. Kingston was one of the contenders for the capital of the united Canadas before Confederation, but after a brief period of time as the capital from 1841 to 1844, it lost its title out to Montreal and Toronto, and then later to Ottawa in 1857, where it has resided since. Kingston was, however, the home of Canada's first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald and on June 13 1841 was the site of the first meeting of the Parliament of Canada. Fortenca County: Frontenac County, as defined by Statistics Canada, is a census division of the Canadian province of Ontario. The City of Kingston is included in the census division, but is separated from the County of Frontenac. Frontenac County, has a population in 2001 was 138,606 and in 2006 was 143,865. First Settlers: The French originally settled upon a traditional Mississaugas First Nation site called Katerokwi (French pronunciation) in 1673 and established Fort Cataraqui, later to be called Fort Frontenac. The fort was captured and destroyed by the British in

  • Word count: 759
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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A direct comparison of the role of central power and control during the late Tsarist and early Soviet period of Russia History

'Tsarist Rule in the years 1856-1917 and Communist rule from the death of Lenin to the fall of Khrushchev both depended on high degrees of central power and control by the state. The similarities between the two forms of government were therefore much greater than the differences.' How far do you agree? On a superficial level, it appears that the autocratic governments of late-Tsarist Russia and the Communist dictatorships of Stalin and Khrushchev depended upon high levels of central power and control, both having many similar features. The Communist party was a strongly centralised body, relying on propaganda, fear, repression and personality cults as methods of control. These features can also be seen in the Tsarist era; however were not as heavily implemented due to the Tsars absolute power and the 'little father,' image. Central power and control was a major influence in industry and the economy, as well as agriculture across both periods, however when looking at the methods of control across the period in question not only do similarities arise, but also key differences. Central power and control in the Tsarist and communist era's relied heavily upon an ideological framework of power that was significantly different. In Tsarist times this was the autocratic pyramid, rigid in structure with power and influence dictated by how far up the pyramid you were. At the bottom

  • Word count: 3243
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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The bloody code

"Why did the Bloody Code last so long? By Justine Nathan "People who committed crimes were sinful, lazy or greedy and deserved no mercy" - Lord Chief Justice Edward Law (1802 - 1818) Criminal justice in the 18C was about accomplishing a sense of balance and order. Criminal justice reflected the social changes that were taking place in a period that was undergoing urbanisation and industrialisation. There was a great desire for continuity in the legal process dealing with criminal activity. There were no other types of punishments available at that time and during the early parts of the Bloody code transportation and imprisonment was not an alternative. The thought processes behind the action of hanging during the Bloody Code were that the harsher the punishment the ultimate result in the reduction of crime. Therefore acting as a deterrent. The hanging was performed as a sort of ritual ceremony in the presence of a priest (the upholder of the ultimate law - god) and large crowds. The death penalty clearly controlled the criminal and acted as a deterrent. However, it was obviously by nature steadfast and did not allow for reform of the offender or perfecting of mistakes that had been made. There was a lack of humanitarianism and a lack of civilisation in this era. It was seen as the crime merited punishment and terrible crime merited terrible punishment. Since the

  • Word count: 447
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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To What Extent was the 1905 Revolution due to the Consequences of the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War?

History-Russia Essay "To What Extent was the 1905 Revolution due to the Consequences of the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War?" The 1905 Revolution was linked to the consequences of the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War, but the war is not the only cause of the Revolution. There are many different factors which brought about the Revolution in Russia, not just what happened in the war. In 1904 in the midst of all the economic depression in Russia, they Tsar thought it a good idea to divert the attention of the people by declaring war on the Japanese. However, it did not work out quite as he had planned because instead of it diverting the people's attention, it increased the economic and social frustration of the industrial workers and the peasants by increasing shortages of food and making the price of foods and everyday essentials rise. The war ended terribly for the Russians when they were defeated by the Japanese. The real sting of the defeat was that they were defeated by a country that they viewed as being inferior to the Russian Empire. The Russo-Japanese War was officially fought because of the conflicting ambitions of Russia and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. The Russian Government was expecting a short and victorious war that would make the people change their minds, away from revolution, and look at the Tsarist Regime in respect once again. However, it did not work.

  • Word count: 1190
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Divine Wind: Missunderstood

The Divine Wind-Garry Disher "The Divine Wind" is a novel written by Garry Disher which is set in the Pearling town of Broome in the Northwest region of Australia. The novel explores friendship, betrayal, prejudice, love and the growth of a child into an adult. The novel is set during World War 2 with Hart, the protagonist retelling his story during the war and all the problems he faces. The novel overall presents "the dislocation and emotional suffering people experience when their lives are severely disrupted". Two characters in the novel whose lives are severely disrupted and they feel isolated and dislocated are Ida Penrose and Mitsy Sennosuke. Ida Penrose is a character who displayed emotional suffering after her life was severely disrupted. Ida is the mother of Hartley and the wife of Michael Penrose. Ida is all out of sorts living in Broome as her native home is England."You could say that, unlike the rest of us, she did not have red dirt, mangroves or pearls in her blood". This was quoted by Hart when describing his mother. Ida simply didn't fit in Broome and although her decision to leave was hard on Hart and his family in hindsight Hart can understand his mother's feelings. She longed for England and she built English style gardens and made her children read English books. "We knew Ida wanted only to feel less at odds with the world in which she found herself.

  • Word count: 604
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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The Movie Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great The movie starts out with Philip II preparing for battle, and he is told of the birth of his son. Philip doesn't believe that the child is his because Olympias, the queen and mother of Alexander, claims that her child is "a god born of a god." One of Philip's generals convinces him not to kill the baby but to let him grow up and be his successor. As Alexander gets older he is tutored by Aristotle who tries to teach the boy patience, but that is hard to do when the boy views himself as a god. He compares himself with Achilles and like Achilles he would rather have "a short life filled with glory than a long life of obscurity." Philip decides to make Alexander the regent of Pella, while he is fighting. He decided to do this because Alexander's mother is spreading rumors that Philip is dead. Both, Olympias and Philip, seemed to believe that Alexander would side with one of them and allow them to influence how he ruled. They were both entirely wrong though he ruled how he wanted. Philip then invites Alexander to join him in battle and Alexander saves his father's life, with a little hesitation. After the battle with Athens is won, Alexander has two demands from the Athenians; one is that no Greek state will bear arms against Pella, and that they supply men, weapons, and ships for the war against Persia. Philip then divorces Olympias because of her

  • Word count: 1495
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Civilisation. In this essay, we shall attempt to examine the earliest examples of human civilisation, using examples from early Mesopotamian civilisations up to c2600BC.

Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilisation to c.2600BC In this essay, we shall attempt to examine the earliest examples of human civilisation, using examples from early Mesopotamian civilisations up to c2600BC. The earliest examples of civilisation are generally acknowledged to be found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, China's Yellow River valley, and - quite separately - Peru. While some cultural trade and exchange can be expected from the initial 4 candidates, the Peruvian example implies that civilisation can and will occur separately and without influence; not an 'export', but simply a natural development. All of the earliest civilisations share certain characteristics. Claude Kluckhohn defined civilisation as any societal group which shared 2 of the following 3 characteristics: towns of greater than 5,000 people, a written language, and monumental ceremonial structures. While this works well as a 'rule of thumb', it fails to address certain important points; namely, how an area can accommodate high population densities, how written language is able to develop, and why monumental structures were built at all. Firstly, we shall tackle population density. For an early civilisation to achieve a population density in excess of 5,000 people to a single city or town, the first problem it must deal with is the most basic: that of food. Hunter-gatherer societies

  • Word count: 1730
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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