The First English Civil War

First English Civil War The First English Civil War (1642-1646) was the first of three wars, known as the English Civil War (or "Wars"). "The English Civil War" refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652, and includes the Second English Civil War (1648-1649) and the Third English Civil War (1649-1651). Overview "The English Civil War" (1642-51), is a generic name for the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War, which began with the raising of Charles I's standard at Nottingham on August 22, 1642, and ended at the Battle of Worcester fought on September 3, 1651. There was some continued organised Royalist resistance in Scotland which lasted until the surrender of Dunnottar Castle to Parliament's troops in May 1652, but this resistance is not usually included as part of the English Civil War. It is common to classify the English Civil War into three parts: The First English Civil War of 1642-1646 The Second English Civil War of 1648-1649 The Third English Civil War of 1649-1651. During most of this time, the Irish Confederate Wars, another civil war, was raging in Ireland; it started with the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and ended with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Its incidents had little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War, but as

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Notes on Cleopatra and her links with Rome

Historical Context Geography, topography and resources of Ptolemaic Egypt and its neighbours Geography and topography Alexander the Great died in 323 BC. The empire he left was too vast and unmanageable for any one person to govern. It was ultimately divided into three areas: Egypt of the Ptolemaic Dynasty; Greece, Macedonia and Asia Minor of the Antigonid Dynasty; and the Eastern lands including Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia of the Seleucid Dynasty. By 303 BC the Ptolemaic Dynasty emerged as the most prosperous and survived for 300 years, often despite its murderous and macabre rulers. Egypt, although surrounded by desert and sea, was a wealthy and prosperous country. The Nile river was its artery and it was worshipped and honoured by its people for the life that it sustained. The Blue Nile and the White Nile joined to form the Nile, the longest river the world. On its course it is bordered by cliffs until it reaches the delta marshlands. It cuts the surrounding deserts into the Eastern Desert extending to the Red Sea, and the Western Desert, reaching to the Libyan frontier. The Eastern Desert, unlike the barren Libyan Desert, contains wadis and a mountain range. A third desert, the Sinai, it open land and is crossed with wadis and hills. The Nile River travels through Upper or Southern Egypt to Lower or Northern Egypt, along the Nile valley, to the Delta and into the

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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chartism revision

Chartist- Introduction Key Questions ) What caused working people to protest so vigorously and so consistently for political change? 2) What did Chartists believe? 3) Was Chartist just a movement of economically depressed workers? 4) Was Chartist a national movement? 5) Can Chartist be seen as expression of working class solidarity? 6) Was Chartist a failure? Key Ideas ) Ideas for Chartist not new- Paine "Rights of Man", 1815-20, mass platform and post war radicalism, Henry Hunt. 2) Chartism's strength fluctuated- peaks 1838-9, 1841-2, and 1848. 3) Genuinely national movement- although stronger in some areas than others. 4) Chartist alarmed authorities- government's response measured- avoided creating martyrs. 5) Number of plans made for general uprising- for some Chartist revolutionary. 6) Chartist capable of uniting large numbers of working people in support of democracy. What was the Peoples Charter? ) Vote for all adult males- over 21. 2) Payment for MP's. 3) Each constituency- same size 4) Secret ballot 5) No property qualifications- MP's should be required to have property. 6) General elections once a year. Peoples Charter * Formed by London Working Men's Association- May 1838- William Lovett worked with Francis Place and Joseph Roebuck Eric Evans- "It was a highly political document: none of its terms had to do with wages, conditions of work or

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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In the context of India in the 1840s to 1947, how far can independence be accredited to Gandhis campaign of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s?

In the context of India in the 1840’s to 1947, how far can independence be accredited to Gandhi’s campaign of civil disobedience in the 1920’s and 1930’s? Since the 1840’s there had been developing bitterness towards the influence and control of the British in India, which led eventually to Gandhi’s campaign of civil disobedience and independence being granted in 1947. The Indian Independence Act partitioned India, and granted independence to the dominions of India and Pakistan. A variety of factors combined to bring about independence and how important Gandhi’s actions were in the preceding years has been an issue of great debate. Gandhi can be credited for raising national consciousness and an awareness of the common nationalist cause. However, the activity of other key individuals Nehru, and Jinnah, also played a decisive role in the granting of independence. In addition to this, the intransigence of the British in the previous one hundred years helped the growth of nationalism, encouraging ordinary people to demand independence. British industrialisation in the eighteenth century meant India became increasingly important to the East India Company, providing vast amounts of raw materials, such as cotton and opium, thus it was for economic reasons that the Company’s power spread. Its influence in India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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To what extent could the Crusades be described as failure within the years 1095-1195?

"To what extent could the crusades be described as failures within the years 1095-1195?" Crusades – religious military expeditions carried out by European Christians with a goal of “saving” the Holy Land from the Muslim control. The Crusades were one of the most important events in the Medieval. The Crusaders not only included the kings, feudal aristocracy and knights but also other parts of the society such as clergy, servants and ordinary people. People taking the Crusade vow had different reasons to do so: some wanted to get richer, others were looking for adventures and some were following their religious feelings. Thanks to legends, the Crusades were surrounded by halo of romance and grandeur, chivalry and courage. However the stories about brave and gallant knights are exaggerated to a great extent. Moreover, they “forget” about the fact that although knights had shown the courage and heroism, heard calls from Pope and believed in God’s help they still failed to “save” the Holy Land. By the end of 1195 the Palestine was under Muslim control. The reasons why this happened to be looked upon in this coursework. The Reasons for the Crusades The Crusades were launched by Popes, who were seen as a legitimate authority who could declare a “Holy War” and promise God’s forgiveness. Pope and other masterminds of the movement promised the celestial and

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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To what extent is Arrian's praise of Alexander's leadership justified?

"Noble indeed was his power of inspiring his men, of filling them with confidence and in a moment of danger, of sweeping away their fear by the spectacle of his own fearlessness" (Arrian, Anabasis 7.29) To what extent is Arrian's praise of Alexander's leadership justified? Having studied Alexander's reign and scrutinised the various great successes he achieved in his short life as king, his "power of inspiring his men" becomes blatently obvious. Thus, even on the rare occasion that Alexander deserves to be criticised there is no doubt that the positive aspects of his leadership greatly outweigh the negative, making Arrian's praise of Alexander's leadership truly justified. Perhaps, it is more accurate to note that Alexander may not have been the most politically astute or modest of men, but irrespective of this the leadership skills he displayed were truly impeccable. Whilst sharing in all the dangers his army endured throughout the eight difficult years of battles, Alexander continually demonstrated sheer military genius, speed and mobility. Arrian's praise of Alexander is all the more tangible and acceptable due to the fact that he was writing almost four hundred years after Alexander's death therefore eliminating any possibility of sycophancy or romanticism. Arrian's 'Campaigns of Alexander' are thought to be the most accurate and reliable account, heightened by the fact

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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How effectively did the design and decoration of the Parthenon suit its function?

3594 words How effectively did the design and decoration of the Parthenon suit its function? Athens was at the height of its shortly lived power after the Persian wars. Created from this threat a league for all Greek states was put together, this was for the safety of Greece from the Persians after the second invasion from them was crushed. The first of which was halted shortly at the battle of Marathon and the second coming to an end at the sea battle of Salamis, which was out side Athens itself. At the head of the Delian league and supreme ruler of the Greek states was Athens; this was the making of its own empire and with that came the riches of Greece. All of the Greek states played Athens to protect them from the Persians, this was because they had the greatest fleet of all the Greek city's and it was the Aegean Sea witch separated them from their enemies, the Persians. Gold poured through Athens but this soon found other uses apart from the upkeep of the Greek fleet. To represent there authority and power, Athens built the mightiest temple ever created. So the Parthenon was built. Construction started from the Beginning of 447 BC and stopped at 432BC, the Parthenon was the centre of attention of the redesigned acropolis and was in a perfect line of site when viewed from the Propylaea which is the monumental gateway to the Acropolis. This suits it purpose as a

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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South African Heritage - Where we come from?

Brian Lockyer History _ Heritage Assignment February 2008 Activity 1 ) What do the figures in Source A show about the type of heritage valued in South Africa before 1989? The figures tell us that before 1989 the majority of national heritage monuments were of Dutch and European descent. The type of heritage that was valued was definitely the heritage of the old colonials (Dutch and British) as well as the Boer and Huguenot. The heritage of the native Africans was virtually non existent which was understandable before 1989 as the apartheid government was still in power and they would not have recognized the Africans and other indigenous people as being a valuable part of South African heritage. 2) Which categories of heritage identified in Source B are represented in the monuments listed in Source C? (Refer to all the places listed in Source C for your answer) Mapungubwe Hill - Historical settlements and townscapes. Ndebele Home - Places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance. Graves of Sicelo Mhlauli, Fort Calata etc. - Graves and burial grounds Thulamela - Places where oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage. Umbilo Shree Ambal V Anar Ala Y Am - Places, buildings, structures and equipment of cultural significance. Bokaap in Cape town - Sites of significance relating to

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Strategy in Cortes' conquest of Mexico

Kurt Wintje HIST 386R Prof. Brown 11/27/07 Strategy in Cortés' Conquest of Mexico Informed primarily by Spanish accounts, the traditional historical view of Cortés' victory over the Aztec Empire is that of the inherently superior and better-armed Spanish defeating the numerically superior, but technologically and morally inferior Aztecs forces. Inga Clendinnen, for one, explains the Spanish conquest in cultural terms. According to Clendinnen, the Aztecs were defeated because their traditional societal view on the nature of warfare and its modes of termination made them incapable of defeating the Spanish forces led by the innovative and cunning Cortés.1 However, the recent availability of Aztec and other native accounts of the conquest call these interpretations into question. Concurrently, a new wave of contemporary Aztec scholars argue that the motivations for Aztec imperialism are complex and multifaceted, but political and economic concerns dominated, just like any other empire.234 Therefore, it is best to examine the Aztec Empire just as one would the Roman Empire, or any other imperial system. Viewed through this lens, it will be argued that Cortés' successful employment of military strategy and techniques were the critical determinant in the battle for the Aztec Empire. Other historical interpretations overlooked the role of strategy in the Aztec response to

  • Word count: 3341
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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A direct comparison of the role of central power and control during the late Tsarist and early Soviet period of Russia History

'Tsarist Rule in the years 1856-1917 and Communist rule from the death of Lenin to the fall of Khrushchev both depended on high degrees of central power and control by the state. The similarities between the two forms of government were therefore much greater than the differences.' How far do you agree? On a superficial level, it appears that the autocratic governments of late-Tsarist Russia and the Communist dictatorships of Stalin and Khrushchev depended upon high levels of central power and control, both having many similar features. The Communist party was a strongly centralised body, relying on propaganda, fear, repression and personality cults as methods of control. These features can also be seen in the Tsarist era; however were not as heavily implemented due to the Tsars absolute power and the 'little father,' image. Central power and control was a major influence in industry and the economy, as well as agriculture across both periods, however when looking at the methods of control across the period in question not only do similarities arise, but also key differences. Central power and control in the Tsarist and communist era's relied heavily upon an ideological framework of power that was significantly different. In Tsarist times this was the autocratic pyramid, rigid in structure with power and influence dictated by how far up the pyramid you were. At the bottom

  • Word count: 3243
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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