To what extent did Napoleon enjoy support within France?

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To what extent did Napoleon enjoy support within France?

Introduction

The French Revolution had proceeded in the name of liberty, yet successive forms of repression had been mounted to defend it.

No support among liberals, those who fought to bring about success in the French Revolution.  

  • Napoleon drifted away from his own ideals.  He became more interested in his own.  His domestic and foreign policies forced on France were designed to support his imperial ambitions. His government concentrated on recruiting soldiers and funds for his armies.  Revolutionary liberties did  not matter much to him.
  • In a way, the Napoleonic regime promoted unlimited expansion and continual  warfare.  That surely went against the principles of the French revolution that he was supposed to espouse.
  • Napoleon saw elections as ‘useless’.  To him the elections only brought about  political instability.  Very soon he had buried popular  democracy.  Popular sovereignty caved in and in its place was raw authority of the Napoleonic regime
  • There could be no durable peace in the country with wars being fought continuously

Support for Napoleon

  • Napoleon had been considered as ‘son of the Revolution’ by the revolutionaries of 1789
  • Among the reasons were the following:
  • He was against the unjust and ineffective institutions of the ancien  regime such as: Seigneurialism, the cumbersome institutions of Bourbon absolutism; the aristocratic privilege
  • Above all Napoleon valued principles of the Revolution which stressed equality of opportunity
  • The French wanted a strong and stable government; an assurance of basic revolutionary gains, and settlement of the religious conflict.
  • Napoleon gave them some of that, on the whole I would think French citizens were disappointed

Napoleon’s repressive political reforms that resulted in “no support”

  • Bonaparte gave France a constitution which was to give himself unchecked authority for ten years as First Consul
  • His constitutional revisions increased his own executive power and reduced that of the legislative branch until it became no more than a rubber stamp.  In 1802, Napoleon converted the consulship into a lifetime post.  In 1804 he was proclaimed a hereditary emperor.
  • Elected representatives could not pass new laws.  Instead appointed experts in the Council of State took on this task.  The Council advised the ruler, drafted legislation under his direction, and monitored public officials.  This was certainly undemocratic
  • Napoleon’s form of local government was not much different from the royal absolutism of power that French Revolutionaries had been up against in 1789.
  • Next, Napoleon removed local elections which the Revolution had emphasized. Instead a prefect appointed by him, governed each department.
  • Subprefects  and mayors of France's communes were appointed, not elected
  • The use of police-state methods, the suppression of independent political activity shows the extent to which France was depoliticized.
  • No organized opposition was tolerated.  The number of newspapers was reduced drastically.  The ones remaining were heavily censored.  Free journalism of the kind that existed in 1789 gave way to government press releases.  By 1811 only four newspapers remained in Paris, all toed the official line.
  • Political clubs were prohibited, outspoken dissidents deported, and others placed under police surveillance. All these restrictions silenced liberal intellectuals as well as former political activists.
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Obviously  what Napoleon did above gave him no support among the liberals and the intellectuals.  

Individuals supported Napoleon and who were promoted to high positions by him would support him.   Check each of the reforms below and ask yourself if they enjoyed support and from whom.  

  • Napoleon believed in and hence encouraged an orderly hierarchical society.  This was to prevent excessive individualism of revolution.  He reasserted the authority of the state, the elites, and, in family life, the father. (So family men supported him)
  • He used the state's appointive powers ...

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