The Prelude to the 1975 War and the Cairo Agreement.

The 1975 - 1990 War The Prelude to the 1975 War and the Cairo Agreement Fouad Shihab became president after Camille Chamoun and although he built up the Lebanese intelligence service, called the Deuxième Bureau, the army was almost ignored and remained powerless, small, and was becoming weaker and weaker as time went on. The army's inactivity continued under Shihab's successor, Charles Helou, who became president in 1964. Helou and his army commander refused to commit Lebanese troops to the June 1967 war as an armitice agreement had been signed between the two countries in 1949 and the Lebanese Army was far too small and weak to get involved. This enraged many Lebanese Muslims as well as Syria, the mortal enemy of Israel. Immediately after the Arab defeat of 1967 Syria started sending Palestinian guerrillas into Lebanon to attack Israel. As soon as the PLO came to Lebanon, the violence that was to destroy the country began. On October 20, 1969 large numbers of Palestinain guerrillas began gathering on the western slopes of Mount Hermon in the Arqub region of Lebanon a few days later on the 29th these Palestinians fired on a Lebanese army patrol which resulted in the deaths of three Lebanese soldiers and the death one guerrilla with two injured. Imediatley Voice of Palestine broadcasts from cairo started to warn the Lebanese not to interfere with Palestinain raids into

  • Word count: 42621
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

American History.

American History . The means and methods and reasons for the founding of the first English colonies - By the sixteenth century, many countries, including Spain, France and the Netherlands, had established colonies in the New World. Until the foundation of Jamestown, however, the English didn't have any successful permanent colonies in North America. - Prior to Jamestown, Sir Walter Raleigh of the Sea Dogs formed a joint stock company and received a charter to found a colony on Roanoke Island in 1584. It failed, and he tried again in 1585 and 1587. Both were failures, and the fate of the 1587 colony remains a mystery (all colonists disappeared). - Anyhow, several factors encouraged the English to try again with Jamestown even after their earlier failures, and motivated people to join the expeditions. These reasons include... "Overcrowding" - England had experienced a dramatic population boom,? resulting in social and economic upheaval (inflation, falling wages, peasants losing their land b/c of the enclosure movement, many homeless people, rapidly growing cities). Competition - The English government was concerned about losing ground in? the competition with the Spanish for overall power and with the Dutch for trading. Since they had colonies, it was only natural that England would want them as well. Religion - This applies more to the prospective colonists than to the?

  • Word count: 36364
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

Hitlers Germany

DICTATOR IN the spring of 1938, on the eve of his greatest triumphs, Adolf Hitler entered his fiftieth year. His physical appearance was unimpressive, his bearing still awkward. The failing lock of hair and the smudge of his mustache added nothing to a coarse and curiously undistinguished face, in which the eyes alone attracted attention. In appearance at least Hitler could claim to be a man of the people, a plebeian through and through, with none of the physical characteristics of the racial superiority he was always invoking. The quality which his face possessed was that of mobility, an ability to express the most rapidly changing moods, at one moment smiling and charming, at another cold and imperious, cynical and sarcastic, or swollen and livid with rage. Speech was the essential medium of his power, not only over his audiences but over his own temperament. Hitler talked incessantly, often using words less to communicate his thoughts than to release the hidden spring of his own and others' emotions, whipping himself and his audience into anger or exaltation by the sound of his voice. Talk had another function, too. 'Words,' he once said, 'build bridges into unexplored regions." As he talked, conviction would grow until certainty came and the problem was solved. Hitler always showed a distrust of argument and criticism. Unable to argue coolly himself, since his early

  • Word count: 23878
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

Many peoples have contributed to the development of the United States of America, a vast nation that arose from a scattering of British colonial outposts

United States, history of the Many peoples have contributed to the development of the United States of America, a vast nation that arose from a scattering of British colonial outposts in the New World. The first humans to inhabit the North American continent were migrants from northeast Asia who established settlements in North America as early as 8000 BC and possibly much earlier (see NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY). By about AD 1500 the native peoples of the areas north of the Rio Grande had developed a variety of different cultures (see INDIANS, AMERICAN). The vast region stretching eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean was relatively sparsely populated by tribes whose economies were generally based on hunting and gathering, fishing, and farming. VIKINGS explored the North American mainland in the 10th and 11th centuries and settled there briefly (see VINLAND). Of more lasting importance, however, was the first voyage (1492-93) of Christopher COLUMBUS, which inaugurated an age of great European EXPLORATION of the Western Hemisphere. Various European states (including Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, and Portugal) and their trading companies sent out expeditions to explore the New World during the century and a half that followed. The Spanish claimed vast areas, including Florida, Mexico, and the region west of the Mississippi River, although they

  • Word count: 21728
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

History of the United States

United States, history of the Many peoples have contributed to the development of the United States of America, a vast nation that arose from a scattering of British colonial outposts in the New World. The first humans to inhabit the North American continent were migrants from northeast Asia who established settlements in North America as early as 8000 BC and possibly much earlier (see NORTH AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY). By about AD 1500 the native peoples of the areas north of the Rio Grande had developed a variety of different cultures (see INDIANS, AMERICAN). The vast region stretching eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean was relatively sparsely populated by tribes whose economies were generally based on hunting and gathering, fishing, and farming. VIKINGS explored the North American mainland in the 10th and 11th centuries and settled there briefly (see VINLAND). Of more lasting importance, however, was the first voyage (1492-93) of Christopher COLUMBUS, which inaugurated an age of great European EXPLORATION of the Western Hemisphere. Various European states (including Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, and Portugal) and their trading companies sent out expeditions to explore the New World during the century and a half that followed. The Spanish claimed vast areas, including Florida, Mexico, and the region west of the Mississippi River, although they

  • Word count: 21722
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

This graduation paper is about U.S. - Soviet relations in Cold War period. Our purpose is to find out the causes of this war, positions of the countries which took part in it. We also will discuss the main Cold War's events.

Graduation Paper on theme: U.S. - Soviet relations. Contents. Introduction. 3 Chapter 1: The Historical Background of Cold War. 5 .1 The Historical Context. 5 .2 Causes and Interpretations. 10 Chapter 2: The Cold War Chronology. 17 2.1 The War Years. 17 2.2 The Truman Doctrine. 25 2.3 The Marshall Plan. 34 Chapter 3: The Role of Cold War in American History and Diplomacy. 37 3.1 Declaration of the Cold War. 37 3.2 ?old War Issues. 40 Conclusion. 49 Glossary. 50 The reference list. 51 Introduction. This graduation paper is about U.S. - Soviet relations in Cold War period. Our purpose is to find out the causes of this war, positions of the countries which took part in it. We also will discuss the main Cold War's events. The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion and misunderstanding by both the United States and Soviet Union, and their allies. At times, these conditions increased the likelihood of the third world war. The United States accused the USSR of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The Soviets, meanwhile, charged the United States with practicing imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activity in other countries. Each block's vision of the world contributed to East-West tension. The United States wanted a

  • Word count: 21198
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

Why did tension increase in Europe between 1900 and 1914?

CONFLICT IN THE MODERN WORLD: INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 1900-1939 Why did tension increase in Europe between 1900 and 1914? Germany * Germany was the leading industrial and military power on the continent. In 1871 it had taken Alsace-Lorraine from France after the Franco-Prussian War. * Since 1887 the ruler of Germany had been Kaiser Wilhelm II. He had begun to pursue adventurous policies after the resignation of his chancellor Bismarck in 1890. * In 1898 and 1900 the German Navy Laws were passed. This threatened Britain's control of the seas. The two laws laid out plans for the construction of a large navy designed to rival Britain's by 1917. This was an example of the Kaiser's determination to make Germany a world power. Britain * In Britain the Laws were viewed with alarm since there was no apparent reason why Germany needed a navy, except to attack Britain. Britain depended on control of the seas in order to protect her vast empire. * The British government replied by beginning a programme of warship construction intended to maintain the 'two-power standard', which had been the basis of naval policy in the late nineteenth century. It simply stated that the British navy should be as big as the next two largest navies in the world. * The Kaiser also encouraged the creation of a German Empire. This also challenged Britain's dominant position. However, by 1914 there were

  • Word count: 17684
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He was the British naturalist who became famous for his theories of evolution and natural selection. Like several scientists before him, Darwin believed all the life on earth evolved (developed gradually) over millions of years from a few common ancestors. From 1831 to 1836 Darwin served as naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a British science expedition around the world. In South America Darwin found fossils of extinct animals that were similar to modern species. On the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean he noticed many variations among plants and animals of the same general type as those in South America. The expedition visited places around the world, and Darwin studied plants and animals everywhere he went, collecting specimens for further study. Upon his return to London Darwin conducted thorough research of his notes and specimens. Out of this study grew several related theories: one, evolution did occur; two, evolutionary change was gradual, requiring thousands to millions of years; three, the primary mechanism for evolution was a process called natural selection; and four, the millions of species alive today arose from a single original life form through a branching process called "specialization." Darwin's theory of evolutionary selection holds that variation within

  • Word count: 14784
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

Causes of show trials + purges of 1930s.

Causes of show trials+purges of 1930s There have been many devastating events which have made great marks in history. Events of notable mention are the Nazi Holocaust of WW2, the use of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima, and the great terror of the 1930's in the Soviet Union. This great terror was sparked by a number of events, none more notable than the assassination of Sergei Kirov on the 1st of December 1934. There are many other reasons that the Soviet government use to justify these events, such as to defy attacks by counter-revolutionists, to clean up the Communist Party and to exterminate old ideals that are no longer supported by the Party. Historians argue these ideas to this very day, with many of them disagreeing on the topic of what actually provoked the purges. Some even argue the fact that Stalin should not have been in power, but instead he simply manipulated the government to his own ideals. However there is one thing that can not be disputed by any historian, and that is that fact that these purges and show trials were all major historical events, with much interest from across the world. The show trials and purges had a mixed reaction around the Western world, but by reading newspapers from the time of the incidents it can be seen that all countries come to a basic consensus. This consensus is that the actions that the Soviet Union took against the accused were

  • Word count: 14205
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay

The Cold War was a big rivalry that developed after World War II.

The Cold War was a big rivalry that developed after World War II. This rivalry was between two groups: the Communist and non-Communist nations. On one side were the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its Communist allies. On the other side were the United States and its democratic allies.The rivalry was called the Cold War because it did not actually lead to fighting and had no real battle. There are many reasons that the Cold War started and there are many conflicts with other nations that happened around the Cold War which linked to the U.S.S.R. and U.S. This essay will outline the main causes and conflicts of the Cold War. No one is sure exactly why the Cold War began but many say that the Yalta Conference, a meeting of Allied leaders in February 1945, was a high point. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the Big Three Allies, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, met and made plans to form the United Nations as Stalin said he would go against Japan within three months after Germany surrendered. They also developed the Declaration on Liberated Europe, where they pledged to hold democratic elections in countries freed from the control of Germany and its allies. However, the Soviet Union didn't keep this agreement. The United States felt betrayed by Stalin's refusal to carry out all of his promises and by his determination to establish a "sphere of influence" in Eastern

  • Word count: 13689
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
Access this essay