ICT Solutions for people with Special Needs.
ICT Solutions for people with Special Needs
Introduction
It is critical that the introduction of new technology does not further restrict access to materials among groups already disadvantaged through disability. My Coursework will offer guidance on how to maximize accessibility and will present guidance in relation to the needs of three different groups in turn - those with Dyslexia, Visual Disability/Impairment and Physical Impairment/Having limited use of limbs.
Background
My Coursework will give me the opportunity to investigate the provision of ICT software and hardware, dedicated to people with special needs, and to assess whether this equipment has improved the quality of life of users with special needs.
I will be investigating into the following three specific groups of special needs:
* Having a language difficulty - Dyslexia
* Visual Disability / Impairment
* Physical Impairment / Having limited use of limbs.
First, I must establish the precise meaning of these individual Special Needs, and the differences between. These are shown below:
What is Dyslexia?
The word dyslexia comes from Greek and means 'difficulty with words'. Today, dyslexia describes a condition in which people have specific difficulties with reading, writing and spelling. It includes similar problems with number work and recognising symbols, such as musical notes or mathematical signs. Dyslexia can cause clumsiness, poor concentration and memory problems.
* Dyslexia causes difficulties in learning to read, write and spell. Short-term memory, mathematics, concentration, personal organisation and sequencing may also be affected.
* Dyslexia usually arises from a weakness in the processing of language-based information. Biological in origin, it tends to run in families, but environmental factors also contribute.
* Dyslexia can occur at any level of intellectual ability. It is not the result of poor motivation, emotional disturbance, sensory impairment or lack of opportunities, but it may occur alongside any of these.
* The effects of dyslexia can be largely overcome by skilled specialist teaching and the use of compensatory strategies
Dyslexia affects people from all backgrounds, races and ages. It is not a disease and cannot be passed from one child to another. It is believed that dyslexia is a condition, which is most often, passes down from parent to child. Everybody's brain is unique, but research has shown that the brains of people with dyslexia seem to use different pathways to organise information. The severity of symptoms will vary from person to person. The difficulties caused by dyslexia can cause great anxiety and upset. Dyslexia is not something you grow out of, but there are techniques, which can be learnt to help cope with the problems.
What is Visual Disability / Impairment?
There are a minority of people whom can see nothing at all, but most of the people called blind can see a little (this is known as visual impairment). People with poor vision are called partially sighted. Many people are short sighted or long sighted. Most kinds of blindness are more likely to affect people as they grow old, but a disease or an accident can harm eyes at any time. Now and then children are born blind or with very poor sight.
If any part of the eye is damaged, it can cause blindness and is considered to be a visual impairment. Blind people have difficulty in seeing and some people are not able to see at all. When someone is blind, he or she may need some extra help to live his or her everyday lives.
What is Physical Impairment / having limited use of limbs?
There are many types and degrees of Physical Impairment. Perception, muscle control, and strength can be generally reduced as with some elderly people or more specifically with amputees or the blind. I will be concentrating on the users who have limited use of their limbs.
There are also variations in aids such as a cane or wheelchair used to reduce the handicapping effect. Even with these wide variations, some characteristics are generally applicable to all disabilities. For example, reduction in the ability to react quickly creates a greater potential for accidents, especially falls, and reduced adaptability makes equipment difficult to use.
The number of people who are disabled is unknown. Estimates range from less than 1 per cent to more than 20 per cent, depending on how 'Physical Impairment' is defined. For many of them, new computer technology can dramatically improve their quality of life, their ability to communicate and their opportunities for independence and employment.
The definition of disability
The Disability Discrimination Act defines a disabled person as someone with "a physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his/her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities."
So, for the purpose of my Coursework, I will not class Dyslexic users as a disabled person because the majority of dyslexic students are not affected so much to the extent whereby a substantial and long-term adverse effect is experienced on his/her ability to carry out common routine activities. However, I will choose to distinguish Dyslexic users as people with learning difficulties. I will include both my other users to be included under the definition of a disability. (Visually and physically impaired users) Sensory impairments are regarded as physical impairments and Visual impairments are therefore covered.
Legislation that may affect my chosen users (& affects the requirements for support for people with special needs e.g. the workplace)
(E3 & A2)
I have already identified the differences between special needs, and now I will consider how each user's access to information and how legislation affects the requirements for support for people with special needs. I will then make conclusions about the affects of legislation on people with special needs and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them.
When researching for information regarding legislation I have discovered that I will need to put my focus upon the meaning of 'disability', as shown from above.
Disability in the UK
Facts and figures
* There are approximately 8.7million disabled people in the UK covered by the Disability Discrimination Act, which represents around 15 per cent of the population
* Some 70 per cent of economically active disabled people became disabled during their working lives
* Over 5.2 million disabled people are of working age which represents 18 per cent of the working population
* However, only 42 per cent of disabled people of working age are in employment compared to 81 per cent of non-disabled people of working age
* Disabled people are over six times as likely as non-disabled people to be out of work and claiming benefits. Of the 2.4 million disabled people on state benefits and not in work nearly a million would like to work
* Fewer than 5 per cent of disabled people use wheelchairs
* By the year 2010, 40 per cent of the UK population will be over 45 - the age at which the incidence of disability begins to increase significantly
* One in every four customers wither had a disability or has a close relative or friend who is disabled
* The estimated a annual purchasing power of people with disabilities is £40-£50 billion
Statistics from the ONS, NCSR, RADAR, EFD
There are many pieces of legislation, which relate to the provision of support for people with special needs.
I will show the detail of the legislation. I have learnt how legislation affects the requirements for support of people with specific needs (e.g. the workplace) and what requirements it makes of organisations and individuals involved in supporting people with special needs.
Dyslexic Users
As mentioned above that I will not included Dyslexic users under the definition of what a disability is but I will classify Dyslexia as a Special Need, so therefore, less Legislation will affect a dyslexic user.
However, there are legislation and parts of legislation as well as laws which will affect dyslexic users as displayed below:
Anti-discrimination laws which extend to the net
UK legislation may help tackle discrimination against people with disabilities and Special Needs by web site designers, according to a paper published in August 2001 in Warwick University Law School's Journal of Information, Law and Technology.
Carers Act 1995
The Carers (Recognition and Services) Act 1995 provides for the assessment of the needs of carers and for the provision of services to them by Social Services. The Act seeks to amend the law regarding the definition of "private carer" to ensure that young carers under the age of 18 and people caring for children with special needs are also included in the legislation.
Equal Opportunities policies (& Conclusions about the affects of legislation on dyslexic users and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them)
Organisations should recognise the benefits in providing a working environment in which everyone feels valued, respected and able to contribute to the success of the business, and to employing a workforce that recognises the diversity of their colleagues, and their potential colleagues.
It should be ensured that: -
* All job applicants and colleagues are treated fairly and without unlawful discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, political beliefs, trade union membership or non-membership, disability, marital status or any other irrelevant factors.
* Everyone works in an environment free from harassment. Action should be taken against anyone found to be putting this at risk.
* All people in positions of responsibility should recognise the accountability that they have for the fair treatment of existing and potential employee's and should be held accountable for meeting this responsibility.
* Businesses should approach to ensuring equality of opportunity and the benefits of diversity are understood by all employees
* All those involved in recruitment, selection or assessment of colleagues or job applicants are given appropriate training in equality and diversity policy.
* Employers are able to recognise their responsibility in showing respect to their employees and contribute positively to an environment where everyone has the same chance to develop and progress within an organisation
* The equality and diversity policy should be constantly monitored to ensure that it is working effectively.
Conclusions about the affects of legislation on dyslexic users and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them
Anti-discrimination laws which extend to the net (Conclusions)
Organisations should make that all dyslexic users are not at a disadvantage when accessing or viewing any of the content shown on the Website. Organisations should consider colour of background, text size, font, animations, sounds, etc, to make the dyslexic user's time at the Website more enjoyable, interesting and easy to use.
Carers Act 1995 (Conclusions)
An assessment will be undertaken by the dyslexic users to distinguish whether or not the user is able to require the needs of carers and for the provision of services to them by Social Services.
If needed a carer will be provided at all times including if help is required at the workforce.
This will ensure that young carers under the age of 18 and people caring for children with special needs are also included in the legislation.
Equal Opportunities policies (as mentioned above) - Conclusions
Visually impaired Users
I have decided to include Visually impaired users under the definition of disability, and therefore will be affected by the following legislation:
Anti-discrimination laws which extend to the net
UK legislation may help tackle discrimination against people with disabilities by web site designers.
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (CSDPA) 1970
The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act imposes a duty on the County Council to find out the number of people who require services and to publish information about available services. It would give Visually impaired people the right to complain to the Secretary of State for Health if they feel their Local Authority has not fulfilled its duty towards them. The help that the Local Authority is obliged to provide cover in many areas including practical help in the home and the workplace, radio and/or television and help to use the local library, help to take advantage of educational facilities (including transport), adaptations or special equipment needs in the home or workplace to help with convenience or for safety, holidays, meals and telephone (and special equipment to use it if needed). Any provision of resources is dependent upon assessment of need.
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 introduces rights for Visually impaired people in the areas of employment; getting goods and services; buying or renting property and access to goods and services.
It would give people with visual impairments new rights in three main areas:
. Employment
2. Access to goods, facilities and services
3. The management, buying or renting property.
Discrimination occurs when, for a reason related to his or her disability, a person is treated less favourably than other people and this treatment cannot be justified. The act also set up the National Disability Council to advise the government on discrimination against people with disabilities.
Disabled Persons Act 1986
The Disabled Persons Act 1986 strengthens the provisions of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and requires Local Authorities to meet the various needs of disabled people. Services include: - Help in the home; recreational facilities outside the home; assistance with transport to such facilities; provision of aids and adaptations; holidays, meals, telephones etc. Local authorities have a duty to assess needs but, at present, there is no duty to provide a service.
Disability Rights Commission Act 1999
The main duties of the DRC will be to eliminate discrimination against disabled people; promote equal opportunities for disabled people; take appropriate steps with a view to encouraging good practice in the treatment of disabled persons; and advise the Government on the operation of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the Disability Rights Commission.
Equal Opportunities policies (& Conclusions about the affects of legislation on visually impaired users and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them)
Organisations should recognise the benefits in providing a working environment in which everyone feels valued, respected and able to contribute to the success of the business, and to employing a workforce that recognises the diversity of their colleagues, and their potential colleagues.
It should be ensured that: -
* All job applicants and colleagues are treated fairly and without unlawful discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, political beliefs, trade union membership or non-membership, disability, marital status or any other irrelevant factors.
* Everyone works in an environment free from harassment. Action should be taken against anyone found to be putting this at risk.
* All people in positions of responsibility should recognise the accountability that they have for the fair treatment of existing and potential employee's and should be ...
This is a preview of the whole essay
It should be ensured that: -
* All job applicants and colleagues are treated fairly and without unlawful discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, political beliefs, trade union membership or non-membership, disability, marital status or any other irrelevant factors.
* Everyone works in an environment free from harassment. Action should be taken against anyone found to be putting this at risk.
* All people in positions of responsibility should recognise the accountability that they have for the fair treatment of existing and potential employee's and should be held accountable for meeting this responsibility.
* Businesses should approach to ensuring equality of opportunity and the benefits of diversity are understood by all employees
* All those involved in recruitment, selection or assessment of colleagues or job applicants are given appropriate training in equality and diversity policy.
* Employers are able to recognise their responsibility in showing respect to their employees and contribute positively to an environment where everyone has the same chance to develop and progress within an organisation
* The equality and diversity policy should be constantly monitored to ensure that it is working effectively.
Conclusions about the affects of legislation on visually impaired users and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them
Anti-discrimination laws which extend to the net (Conclusions)
Organisations should make that all visually impaired users are not at a disadvantage when accessing or viewing any of the content shown on the Website. Organisations should consider colour of background, text size, font, animations, sounds, etc, to make the visually impaired user's time at the Website more enjoyable, interesting and easy to use.
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (CSDPA) 1970 (Conclusions)
The County Council will find out how many visually impaired users require services to aid the difficulties that they are affected by. It would give Visually impaired people the right to complain to the Secretary of State for Health if they feel their Local Authority has not fulfilled its duty towards them. Help can be available for visually impaired people to provide cover in many areas including practical help in the home and the workplace, radio and/or television and help to use the local library, help to take advantage of educational facilities (including transport), adaptations or special equipment needs in the home or workplace to help with convenience or for safety, holidays, meals and telephone (and special equipment to use it if needed).
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Conclusions)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 introduces rights for Visually impaired people in the areas of employment.
It would give people with visual impairments new rights in three main areas:
. Employment
2. Access to goods, facilities and services
3. The management, buying or renting property.
Disabled Persons Act 1986 (Conclusions)
The Disabled Persons Act 1986 extends on The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and requires Local Authorities to meet the various needs of disabled people.
Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 (Conclusions)
The main duties of the DRC will be to eliminate discrimination against disabled people; promote equal opportunities for disabled people.
Equal Opportunities policies (as mentioned above) - Conclusions
Physically impaired Users
I have decided to include Physically impaired users under the definition of disability, and therefore will be affected by the following legislation:
Anti-discrimination laws which extend to the net
UK legislation may help tackle discrimination against people with disabilities by web site designers.
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (CSDPA) 1970
The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act imposes a duty on the County Council to find out the number of people who require services and to publish information about available services. It would give Physically impaired people the right to complain to the Secretary of State for Health if they feel their Local Authority has not fulfilled its duty towards them. The help that the Local Authority is obliged to provide can cover many areas including practical help in the home and the workplace, radio and/or television and help to use the local library, help to take advantage of educational facilities (including transport), adaptations or special equipment needs in the home or workplace to help with convenience or for safety, holidays, meals and telephone (and special equipment to use it if needed). Any provision of resources is dependent upon assessment of need.
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 introduces rights for Physically impaired people in the areas of employment; getting goods and services; buying or renting property and access to goods and services.
It would give Physically Impaired people new rights in three main areas:
. Employment
2. Access to goods, facilities and services
3. The management, buying or renting property.
Discrimination occurs when, for a reason related to his or her disability, a person is treated less favourably than other people and this treatment cannot be justified. The act also set up the National Disability Council to advise the government on discrimination against people with disabilities.
Disabled Persons Act 1986
The Disabled Persons Act 1986 strengthens the provisions of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and requires Local Authorities to meet the various needs of disabled people. Services include: - Help in the home; recreational facilities outside the home; assistance with transport to such facilities; provision of aids and adaptations; holidays, meals, telephones etc. Local authorities have a duty to assess needs but, at present, there is no duty to provide a service.
Disability Rights Commission Act 1999
The main duties of the DRC will be to eliminate discrimination against disabled people; promote equal opportunities for disabled people; take appropriate steps with a view to encouraging good practice in the treatment of disabled persons; and advise the Government on the operation of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and the Disability Rights Commission.
Equal Opportunities policies (& Conclusions about the affects of legislation on physically impaired users and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them)
Organisations should recognise the benefits in providing a working environment in which everyone feels valued, respected and able to contribute to the success of the business, and to employing a workforce that recognises the diversity of their colleagues, and their potential colleagues.
It should be ensured that: -
* All job applicants and colleagues are treated fairly and without unlawful discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, political beliefs, trade union membership or non-membership, disability, marital status or any other irrelevant factors.
* Everyone works in an environment free from harassment. Action should be taken against anyone found to be putting this at risk.
* All people in positions of responsibility should recognise the accountability that they have for the fair treatment of existing and potential employee's and should be held accountable for meeting this responsibility.
* Businesses should approach to ensuring equality of opportunity and the benefits of diversity are understood by all employees
* All those involved in recruitment, selection or assessment of colleagues or job applicants are given appropriate training in equality and diversity policy.
* Employers are able to recognise their responsibility in showing respect to their employees and contribute positively to an environment where everyone has the same chance to develop and progress within an organisation
* The equality and diversity policy should be constantly monitored to ensure that it is working effectively.
Conclusions about the affects of legislation on physically impaired users and the requirements it makes on organisations and individuals involved in supporting them
Anti-discrimination laws which extend to the net (Conclusions)
Organisations should make that all physically impaired users are not at a disadvantage when accessing or viewing any of the content shown on the Website. Organisations should consider colour of background, text size, font, animations, sounds, etc, to make the physically impaired user's time at the Website more enjoyable, interesting and easy to use.
Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (CSDPA) 1970 (Conclusions)
The County Council will find out how many physically impaired users require services to aid the difficulties that they are affected by. It would give physically impaired people the right to complain to the Secretary of State for Health if they feel their Local Authority has not fulfilled its duty towards them. Help can be available for physically impaired people to provide cover in many areas including practical help in the home and the workplace, radio and/or television and help to use the local library, help to take advantage of educational facilities (including transport), adaptations or special equipment needs in the home or workplace to help with convenience or for safety, holidays, meals and telephone (and special equipment to use it if needed).
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Conclusions)
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 introduces rights for Physically impaired people in the areas of employment.
It would give people with visual impairments new rights in three main areas:
. Employment
2. Access to goods, facilities and services
3. The management, buying or renting property.
Disabled Persons Act 1986 (Conclusions)
The Disabled Persons Act 1986 extends on The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 and requires Local Authorities to meet the various needs of disabled people.
Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 (Conclusions)
The main duties of the DRC will be to eliminate discrimination against disabled people; promote equal opportunities for disabled people.
Equal Opportunities policies (as mentioned above) - Conclusions
I will identify and explain in detail ICT solutions for each of my users, listing suitable equipment for use by each of them and alternative equipment available.
(E1 & C1 & A1)
Current provision includes different types of hardware and software that give access to other systems or have been modified so that a person with a specific impairment or difficulty can use them.
When looking at the different ICT solutions I will select several particular products for each user, and then decide whether or not it will be beneficial to the user. - Two of which will be software solutions, and two will be Hardware solutions. I will give reasons for my choice of equipment, and then determine which particular ICT equipment would be the most useful to each user, in my opinion.
I will then analyse the strengths and weaknesses of my suggestions for the solutions and include in my recommendations to each user a discussion of the potential limitations of my proposed solution in relation to budgets available, giving consideration to realistic and idealistic aims and objectives.
Dyslexic users -
What ICT solutions there is available for this type of user:
Although the majority of individuals associate dyslexia with spelling difficulties, people with this condition may also have a combination of difficulties in dealing with organisation, and co-ordination. This may include reading difficulties, problems extracting meaning, difficulty remembering new vocabulary, poor short-term memory. People with dyslexia will benefit from the use of the following:
* Using an appropriate language level,
* Providing a glossary to explain new (specialist) vocabulary,
* Using graphical material to support text,
* Providing support for Copy and Paste functions,
* Providing clear and customisable text size and colours,
* Providing documents in an accessible electronic format (ASCII text, html, Word, ideally not pdf.)
Text content - In most teaching materials the majority of the information is carried in the text. It is therefore vital that the text should not introduce additional barriers to learning.
Dyslexic and pre-lingually deaf people may have relatively weak English skills and their language needs may not be dissimilar to those of hearing people for whom English is a second language. The careful choice of language, avoiding overly complex constructions and keeping to vocabulary that is necessary to the content but not beyond it will maximise the clarity of the text. The provision of an easily accessible glossary of new vocabulary can be very helpful.
Software
Concept Mapping
Concept mapping, mind mapping, tree diagrams, organisation charts, spider diagrams are all terms used to describe graphical organisation methods. These are used for storing, processing, organisation and presenting information graphically. Visually displaying information is great for people with dyslexia who tend to find it easier to process information when shown with pictures and colours and not in a linear text form. A number of software packages are available which will help to draw these diagrams and output them in various forms.
Advantages of using software
* Software can be used to transfer information between map and text views.
* Can export maps to many different applications e.g. Word, PowerPoint or a website.
* Easy to edit and share maps with others.
Why is using concept mapping so helpful?
* Visual representation of information
* Fun and easy to use
* Flexible - can be adapted to suit your methods of working
Who is it for?
Mind mapping is a powerful creativity and productivity tool using visual methods that can be particularly useful for dyslexic people. Mind Manager supports this learning technique while also providing a powerful project management, presentation and organisation package for home and business users.
It costs around £50.00 Age range = 11 - Adult
Time2Revise/Timely Reminders
Organise and simplify revision techniques - Research by Ebbinghaus and others suggests that up to 80% of information learned is forgotten within a day. The purpose of these programmes is to teach dyslexic users how to commit important information to long-term memory. It helps to structure the revision process and complement current learning methods, such as mind maps, index cards and revision notes. By storing key facts and related questions and answers in a database from which a personal revision timetable can be devised, users can focus their mental energy on applying thoroughly learnt facts during exams and tests, rather than struggling to remember them.
Timely Reminders helps users to remember information by structuring the revision process. By storing key facts in the program's database, along with questions and answers related to the facts, you can build your own personalised revision timetable.
Who is it for?
Developed by Jane E Mitchell, a leading speech therapist and dyslexia teacher specialising in memory theory, these software packages help users of all ages structure the revision process for better retention and recall during exams at all levels.
It costs around £65.00 Age Ranges = 5 - 13 and 14 - Adult
Hardware
Quicktionary Reading Pen 2
Who is it for?
Designed specifically for people with dyslexia who require support with reading the Reading Pen is an ideal tool to help with reading words that the user can't spell, pronounce or comprehend. The Reading Pen promotes independent and inclusive learning as it reduces the need for additional support using discrete technology. The Reading Pen requires good co-ordination and dexterity to use effectively. However, it can be used successfully at a younger age or by those with dexterity problems with support during initial use.
The Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 is a superb portable aid for dyslexic people. The user can glide the optical over a printed word to see it on the LCD display, and then hear it read and spelt out loud. It is programmed with over 200,000 definitions; the pen contains UK English spellings and definitions.
Visually impaired -
LCD display Scan to Read
It costs around £170.00 Age range = 11 - Adult
Sony TCM-465V Cassette Recorder
The TCM-465V recorder features an integral pop-up microphone for recording lectures, seminars and lessons. It is ideal for general dictation and with music cassettes as a personal stereo.
Its facilities include:
* Voice activated recording
* Cue/review function
* Tape Counter
* Playback speed control.
Who is it for?
The lower cost choice for dyslexic users who need to record lessons or lectures. This high-quality Sony device feature convenient voice-activation.
It costs around £38.00 Age Range = 7 - Adult
For dyslexic users, I will choose to select the Quicktionary Reading Pen 2, because I believe that it will be the most beneficial solution out of the ones I have selected above.
Conclusions for the Quicktionary Reading Pen 2
Supportive technology has provided tools for users with learning difficulties (including dyslexia) to improve their quality of life, especially in the areas of reading, mathematics and writing. People with special learning considerations can benefit from the growing availability of compact supportive technology products designed to boost academic performance.
The Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 was used by a group of adult students and their tutors to discover its utility in increasing reading decoding and comprehension. Users who participated in the study were all enrolled in a metropolitan adult literacy program. The Results were mixed. The Quicktionary Reading Pen was found to be very useful for some adult students while others did not find it to be helpful at all. Tutors also corroborated these results.
The Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 has been designed to provide scan and read functions on the go. Although it is not capable of reading out a whole page of text at once, this pocket-sized scanning pen will scan in a word or sentence and read it back to you. To help with spelling, it can read out each letter in a word or show it broken down into syllables. Its dictionary shows you the definition of any of the scanned words and even cross-references between words in the definition.
These hand-held, pen-shaped device users can scan a variety of printed materials and hear the word or sentence spoken aloud. This reading aid is designed to assist beginning readers or persons with reading difficulties. The Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 scans more accurately and quickly than its predecessor, the Quicktionary Reading Pen, and has several new features, including the ability to read word definitions aloud.
An Analysis with the strengths and weaknesses of the Quicktionary Reading Pen 2
Strengths:
* Its portability, can be used anywhere anytime
* It will last as long as battery's power
* It is ideal for users who have difficulty copying down notes, or references without making errors
* It can scan a variety of printed materials and hear the word or sentence spoken aloud
* It has the ability to read word definitions aloud as well as the ability to spell words out loud
* A wide range of users can use the Quicktionary Pen, i.e. Age Range 11 - Adult.
* It is available to be used in different languages
* It scans from left to right, and right to left because it is adjustable for left and right handed users
* It captures text within seconds
* It has a large character display
* It recognizes 6-22 point size text, bold, italic, underlined, inverted text.
* It displays syllables
* It keeps a history of scanned words
* It is ergonomic 6" x 1 1/2" x 1", lightweight - 3 oz.
* An Opticard and Character Bar allow the user to input text manually
* One year Warranty
Weaknesses:
* It is relatively expensive priced at around £170.00
* It needs to be powered by batteries which will last as long as battery's power - The batteries are relatively expensive too, priced at £35.00 each
* It is unable to pick up words that are of irregular fonts, e.g. some words with fanciful fonts and colours such as those that appear on product packaging
* It is not very reliable if scanned over handwritten words, especially if the letters are cursive
As is shown above, the strengths easily outweigh the weaknesses, and for this reason I would suggest that this is the solution which I would recommend to dyslexic users.
The Quicktionary Reading Pen is ideal for users who have difficulty copying down notes or references without making errors, or who want to use it like a highlighting pen - scanning information that they want to review later.
Visually impaired users -
What ICT solutions there is available for this type of user:
People may have moderately poor sight - requiring the use of clear, high contrast material. If their needs are more severe they may need to use screen enlargement software or if they are blind they may use a screen reader application. Designer's need to:
* Provide text labels for all (and full descriptions of significant) graphical items
* Use mark-up rather than visual style to indicate page structure
* Ensure full keyboard accessibility
* Use clear page layout
* Provide clear and customisable text size and colours
* Provide documents in electronic format (ASCII text, html, Word, not pdf.)
Visually Impaired people can benefit from using a large monitor. Standard sizes are 15 or 17 inches measuring diagonally. The viewable area may be less and should be checked. Monitors from 19 inches upwards can be considered large and these have come down in price in recent years. Large monitors used along with magnification software enable more of the 'full' screen to be seen at once.
The following factors other than size are important:
* The Refresh Rate - the number of times per second that the screen image is replaced. A low rate means more flickers, which can be uncomfortable for people with Visual Impairment. The rate should be no less than 72 Hz ('Hertz'), but 90 Hz is preferable.
* Resolution - the image on screen is made up of dots (pixels). Resolutions for VGA screens are commonly 640 by 480 but new monitors are all SVGA standard (i.e. minimum 800 by 600). Larger numbers may necessitate a change in the font size in display settings and programs for users with Visual Impairment as the higher the resolution, the smaller the characters.
* Dot pitch - refers to the distance between the dots (sometimes measured from the centre of the dot, sometimes from outside the dots). The smaller the dot pitches the clearer the picture. Sizes should be between 0.21mm and 0.28mm.
* Anti-glare/anti-reflective coating - this can make viewing easier for Visually Impaired people. Glare guards can also be fitted.
* Flat screens -these screens have less glare than curved screens and generally have a larger viewable area.
* LCD monitors - Liquid Crystal Display monitors are practically flicker free and are the standard for laptop computers. They are available for desktop PCs but are expensive.
* If buying a new monitor to work with an existing PC, make sure that the operating system and video card (video display adapter) are compatible with it.
Software
Supernova Reader Magnifier - Standard
A Supernova combines magnification speech and Braille output in one program. This is to benefit individuals and establishments with a range of visually impaired requirements. Its facilities include:
* Automatic installation and requires little user training
* Magnifies up to 32 times with selection of 6 viewing modes
* Adjustable split screen
* Speech synthesiser for document read-back
* Single user and server versions
* Gives access to the very latest software including MS Office 2000 and Internet Explorer. A Demonstration CD is available.
System requirements -Windows 95/98/2000/NT4 -Pentium II or higher -32Mb memory for Windows 95/98 or 64Mb for Windows 2000/NT -SAM-compatible and SSIL speech synthesiser -any video card that is on the Microsoft Windows Hardware Compatibility List (for Windows 95/98/2000/NT4)
(There is a £125 discount for people who are registered blind in the UK)
It costs around £700.00 Age Range = 8 - Adult
JAWS for Windows Standard (Win 95/98/ME)
JAWS provides speech technology that works with your Windows operating system to access popular software applications and the Internet. It uses an integrated voice synthesizer and the computer's sound card to output the content of your computer screen to speakers. JAWS also outputs to refreshable Braille displays. Features include British English synthesizer language - can real complex web pages - link lists - frame lists etc. - basic training tapes.
It costs around £600.00 Age Range = 11 - Adult
Hardware
Index Basic-S Embosser (single sided)
This is a lightweight, durable and easy to use Braille embosser. It is able to emboss fan fold paper using a built-in copy function. It has twenty keys labelled in Braille and ink with speech feedback. It is easy to install and operate and is sold with 1000 sheets of Braille Paper. Full maintenance and support service available.
It costs around £1,500 Age range = 11 - Adult
Big Keys Plus - QWERTY (multicoloured)
An alternative high contrast multicoloured keyboard in QWERTY layout. The 48 keys are four times larger than a standard keyboard. A Lowercase conversion is available. AT adapter is supplied.
It costs around £110 Age range = 6 - Adult
Conclusions for the JAWS for Windows Standard (Win 95/98/ME)
Assistive technology plays a very important part in helping blind and visually impaired people live and function independently. There are three main classifications of adaptive technology: enlargement enhancement, substitution for sight by sound and substitution for sight by tactile displays.
Developed by Henter-Joyce. JAWS interprets the data on the monitor and by use of synthesizer reproduces the words into voice so the user can hear the text. JAWS is capable of sorting through graphics and text to only read he important information. JAWS is capable of interpreting programs from Windows and DOS.
Substitution for sight by sound plays an important role with assistive devices for blind and visually impaired people to use computers. Jaws has been developed for substitution for sight by sound are software and hardware products. Programs like JAWS are screen-reading programs, which read out the text to the user through headphones and speakers. Whatever the screen says, the program reads. The productions of products like these are very useful, and incredibly helpful for blind and visually impaired people to use computers on their own.
Assistive software is a helpful aid for blind and visually impaired people. Enlargement programs, and substitution by sound and tactile devices are an incredible help for those who need it. The future of assistive technology is looking very good and incredibly helpful.
An Analysis with the strengths and weaknesses of the JAWS for Windows Standard (Win 95/98/ME)
Strengths
* A wide range of users can use JAWS i.e. - Age Range 11 - adult
* It works with the user's PC to provide access to today's software applications and the Internet
* JAWS outputs to refreshable Braille displays, providing unmatched Braille support of any screen reader on the market
* A training tutorial is included.
* The JAWS interactive talking installation makes it easy to get started without sighted assistance.
* Supports all standard Windows(r) applications without the need to do special configurations.
* Enhanced support has been added for today's most popular applications, including Microsoft(r) Office XP.
* It supports Internet Explorer with special features: links lists, frames lists, forms mode, reading HTML tables and graphic labels and more.
* It includes a unique scripting language for further customisation with non-standard Windows applications and proprietary software
* It has output to most popular refreshable Braille displays in computer or Grade 2 Braille.
* It includes a new Windows Basic Training Tutorial with over five hours of audiocassette instruction
Weaknesses
* It is relatively expensive priced at around £600
* It can only be used if the user possesses a PC
* The user may not necessarily be computer friendly
As is shown above, the strengths easily outweigh the weaknesses, and for this reason I would suggest that this is the solution, which I would recommend to visually, impaired users.
Physically impaired -
What ICT solutions there is available for this type of user:
Today, there are systems based on personal computers that can talk, listen, teach, communicate and translate. People with control over just an eyelid or a toe, for example, can communicate by means of the proper equipment attached to the PC.
To enable people who have limited use of limbs to use buildings their characteristics should be considered at the design stage. It would be an impossible task to include all types and degrees of disability, but one can consider some specific examples.
Buildings are designed for the able bodied. As a result many disabled and elderly people find building facilities hazardous, awkward, frustrating or unusable. Even minor modifications at the design stage could result in facilities suitable for both the able and many of the disabled population.
The problems disabled people face in trying to cope with an unsuitable physical environment aggravate other social and financial problems they may have. They cannot work, shop, or play in buildings they cannot enter, nor work in areas where adequate residential facilities are not within easy commuting distance. Through rehabilitation and the development of various aids, disabled people's ability to cope with vocational, recreational and daily living activities is being improved. To make use of this improved ability certain modifications to typical building facilities are necessary, and such improvements can best be realized through consideration of the users' requirements and limitations.
People with physical impairments may have difficulty using a conventional keyboard and mouse. They may take longer to produce text or navigate an interface than their peers. They may use alternative designs of keyboard and alternative pointing devices. Severely physically disabled people use emulation programs to simulate keyboard and mouse actions. This group of users require:
* Provision of full keyboard access,
* Avoidance of very small on-screen controls,
* Avoidance of time-critical interface operations,
* Avoidance of complex key combinations,
* Provision of documents in electronic format (ASCII text, html, Word, not pdf.)
Software
Dragon Naturally Speaking Professional 6
Dragon NaturallySpeaking(r) Professional Solutions speech recognition software is a powerful productivity tool that enables corporate and professional users to work faster and more efficiently. Speak and your words appear on screen and in letters spreadsheets and forms.
Dictate memos reports and other documents; enter data; fill-in forms; send e-mail; and work on the Web-all by voice. Perform complex tasks on your computer with a spoken word or phrase; customize your vocabulary and commands to match your workflow; listen to incoming e-mail and documents read aloud and much more.
Integrated with Microsoft(r) Office; Corel(r) WordPerfect(r) and Lotus Notes(r). Dragon NaturallySpeaking(r) software works with virtually all Windows(r)-based applications.
Create your own documents on the spot or send your recorded dictation to be transcribed elsewhere. Dictate directly into a PC or a ScanSoft-certified handheld recorder for personal or third-party transcription.
It costs around £470.00 Age range = 14 - Adult
ViaVoice Standard
Voice recognition comes of age. Users can dictate, edit, and polish letters, reports, homework, and emails with complete voice control. Users can dictate straight into Word 97/ 2000 / Internet Explorer and most Windows applications. It can have Multiple users.
It costs around £35.00 Age Range = 14 - Adult
Hardware
Single Handed Keyboard - Right or left handed
Maltron single-handed keyboards have been developed to meet the needs of those who can only use one hand. The special shape and letter layout have been carefully planned - taking into account the limited number of keys that can be accessed quickly and comfortably. Operators using this keyboard have demonstrated word processing speeds of 85 words per minute. It can be designed for both right handed and left handed users. It has Push-on Push-off keys for Shift Control and Alt functions. Its self-paced training manuals are available and this model is available to hire and try prior to purchasing.
It costs around £295.00 Age Range = 11 - Adult
Tracker 2000
An elegant solution for those with restricted or no hand movement - the Tracker 2000 allows you to use a mouse by movement of the head. Wearing just a small reflective sticker on your forehead or glasses any movement of the head is picked up by the Tracker positioned on the computer's monitor, which converts this movement into a smooth mouse movement.
It costs around £1195.00 Age Range 18 +
Conclusions for Tracker 2000
Tracker allows the user to smoothly move the cursor on the computer simply by moving your head, regardless of your disability. Tracker 2000 sits on top of the computer and tracks a tiny reflective 'dot' worn on the users forehead or glasses. When you move your head, Tracker 2000 elegantly converts that into computer mouse movement.
Tracker 2000 is ideally suited to AAC devices or other computer systems, both Macintosh and PC based, that do not have a USB port.
An Analysis with the strengths and weaknesses of the Tracker 2000
Strengths
* Hi-Resolution CCD Camera - Ultra smooth, pixel perfect tracking. You can use Tracker for drawing, drafting, or any other application requiring fine cursor control
* 50 Degree Field of View - The user can sit anywhere that is comfortable in front of the computer, and Tracker will automatically find you
* Horizontal or Vertical Mounting - You can use the same Tracker on any type of computer: desktop or laptop. The swivel camera ball makes it even easier for pointing the camera
* USB, PS/2, Serial, & Mac ADB Compatibility - No matter what type of computer you are using, Tracker will plug in and work
* Mouse Pass-Through - No software is required. Just plug Tracker into the mouse port of your computer and you're done.
* Plug & Play - No software is required. Just plug Tracker into the mouse port of your computer and you're done.
* Sunlight Compatibility - No more annoying jumpiness due to interference from sunlight - the user can even use Tracker 2000 in direct sunlight.
* Intellipoint Built-in - You can scroll easily by simply moving your head up and down - much easier than constantly having to click on the scroll buttons. Over 15 additional Intellipoint features make controlling the cursor easy and fun.
* Joystick Mode - Even if you don't have perfect head control (such as people with CP), you can move the cursor accurately using Tracker's joystick mode. Tracker is the only headpointer available with this mode.
* FCC Certified - Tracker is certified for safety by the Federal Communications Commission, so you can use it in hospitals, institutions, and homes.
* Front LED Indicators - Small lights on the front make it easy to know when Tracker sees a dot, when the dot approaches the edge of the field of view, and indicate which direction your are moving when in joystick mode.
Weaknesses
* It is relatively expensive priced at around £1195.00
* It can only be used if the user possesses a PC
* The user may not necessarily be computer friendly
As is shown above, the strengths easily outweigh the weaknesses, and for this reason I would suggest that this is the solution, which I would recommend to physically impaired users.
I will present my recommendations in a way that is easy for the users with special needs to follow. I will produce well-presented accurate information in my recommendations of ICT solutions for each user, verifying the accuracy of the information by showing that I have used a wide variety of sources.
(E2 & C2)
Dyslexic users
Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 - Scans, displays, reads aloud and defines words. The Quicktionary Reading Pen II is the only mobile learning tool designed for users with reading or learning disabilities, such as dyslexia.
What is it?
Many people with dyslexia use a combination of a talking word processor and an electronic version of a text, allowing them to listen to the whole text, or to individual 'difficult' words. The Quicktionary Reading Pen is an alternative support for people who can read the majority of a piece of text, but who have difficulties with a few words, reducing their ability to extract the meaning of a piece of text.
It allows the dyslexic user to scan the difficult word, hear a spoken playback of the word, and even have a dictionary definition of the word read back to them. It can be used to read single words, or lines of text, allowing a difficult word to be read in context.
The Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 is designed to provide scan and read functions on the go, for dyslexic users. It can help with spelling, it can read out each letter in a word or show it broken down into syllables. Its dictionary will show you the definition of any of the scanned words and even cross-references between words in the definition. This will be ideal for dyslexic users who have difficulty copying down notes or references without making errors, or who want to use it like a highlighting pen - scanning information that they want to review later.
Quicktionary 2 features:
* Scan and translate a full line of text in seconds (navigate through the sentence to select words for explanation)
* Hear the entire line of scanned text, or a selected word, spoken by the built-in Text-To-Speech Technology
* Re-scan a single word without losing the original line of scanned text
* Auto-lookup of expressions
* See the scanned text and its translations together on a split screen display
* Use the improved Opticard for entering text that is inconvenient to scan.
* An earphone is included, so you don't disturb other people.
The Reading Pen II was particularly designed for people with reading or learning disabilities, such as dyslexia.
Users can scan and translate an entire line of text in seconds and then hear the full line of scanned text, or a selected word, spoken by the built-in Text-To-Speech-Technology.
With the Quicktionary Reading Pen you can scan a printed word and see its definition displayed on the built-in LCD screen. It will also read out the word and definition (an earphone is included, so you don't disturb other people!).
The Reading Pen II is a convenient, easy to use device that can be used anywhere.
How it works
Scan
A word from any printed text
See
The word displayed in large characters
Hear
The word read aloud from the built-in speaker or from the headphones
Define
The word with one push of a button
Why I am using different colours to display my recommendations regarding the Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 to dyslexic users
Many people find that using coloured overlays to change the background colour of the page can reduce visual stress and increase reading fluency. They have what is known as Meares-Irlen syndrome and it has been estimated that this affects up to 20% of population.
Research suggests that 20% of the population could improve their reading by using colour. Although colour can help many dyslexic people, it does not help all dyslexics and it is not a cure, just a treatment of the symptoms. Trained teachers and optometrists can carry out assessments to identify which colour may help you. Different individuals prefer different colours and one person's preferred colour can change after a time.
I will use different colours of pages and fonts when recommending my solution to dyslexic users, because as a dyslexic myself, I also find it very useful as it helps me to read different kinds of texts. I believe this is because it makes reading less harsh on the eye, and it also tends to make the text look more interesting.
I am also using a larger sized font (14), and displaying my work as clearly as possible to make it easier for the dyslexic user to read my recommendations.
Why is my information for dyslexic user's accurate?
I believe that my recommendations are accurate because I used the following variety of sources:
* http://www.quick-pen.com/
* www.dyslexic.com/products.php?pid=34
* http://www.wizcomtech.com/products2/readingpen2.php3
* http://www.tandt-consultancy.com/quicktionary_reading_pen.html
* http://www.venturaes.com/index_new.asp?http://www.venturaes.com/wizcom/
* http://callcentre.education.ed.ac.uk/Hot_Tips/Hot_Quicktionary_HTA/hot_quicktionary_hta.html
* http://www.innovationhouse.com/products/quicktionary_bot.html
* http://dictionary.aimhi.com/readp.html
* http://www.tjscshop.co.uk/product_info.php/manufacturers_id/10/products_id/32
As is shown above I tended to use the Internet to access most of my information, this is because the Internet provided me with the most accurate and up-to-date information, regarding The Quicktionary Pen 2 for dyslexic users.
Visually impaired users
From low vision to blindness, the range of visual impairments is broad. People who have visual impairments sometimes have difficulty seeing text or images on a computer screen. Increased text size, screen contrast, and customisable colour combinations can help. For this reason I will use customisable colour combinations, increased text size (16), and easy reading font (Comic Sans).
What is it?
JAWS is a screen reader software for Windows. It works in conjunction with a speech synthesizer.
What does it do?
JAWS is a software program, which tells the user, what is on the screen, including menus, text and punctuation. It vocalizes every keystroke. It can be used to:
* Make a computer accessible to someone with limited or no vision
* Provide auditory prompts, menus, and commands
* Provide confirmation of keystrokes without looking at the screen
* Provide access to print materials and manuals after they have been scanned into a computer.
A detailed explanation of what JAWS for Windows Standard (Win95/98/ME) is exactly
JAWS (Job Access With Speech) for Windows is a screen reading software package that enables the computer to read the screen out loud using an integrated voice synthesizer. With JAWS for Windows, blind and visually impaired users can browse the Web, read or write e-mail messages, or access database information.
Using JAWS for Windows is relatively easy to do. The pitch, speed and gender of the voice can be easily altered to match the user's comfort range.
JAWS for Windows works with your PC to provide access to today's software applications and the Internet. Its internal software speech synthesizer and the computer's sound card, information from the screen is read aloud, which would be highly beneficial to you. It provides technology to access a wide variety of information, education and job related applications. JAWS also outputs to refreshable Braille displays, providing unmatched Braille support of any screen reader on the market. A training tutorial is included.
JAWS is a powerful software program designed to work with a speech synthesizer to improve the productivity level of visually impaired users.
JAWS is easily customized to your preference and needs. Adjustments can be made to voices through setting the person, pitch, rate, and typing echo. Verbosity settings can me made to specify how much screen information is actually heard. Specifications can be made to the dictionary utility, defining exactly how certain words are spoken.
JAWS is the most powerful screen reader equipped with it's own scripting language, allowing for extensive customisation to make it work with non-standard Windows applications and proprietary software programs.
JAWS for Windows comes with a Basic Training Tutorial on cassette tape to get you started. The tutorial includes over seven hours of step-by-step instructions to introduce you to using Windows with JAWS. These tapes are designed to offer orientation to the Windows environment, information on how to work in typical Windows applications, and how to set up your JAWS preferences.
I believe my detailed explanation of what Jaws for Windows is, would be beneficial to the visually impaired user. This is because not many users would know what this software is, and this explanation shows exactly why this software is of support to this user when using a computer.
Jaws for Windows key features:
* Dual cursor design, eliminating the need for Review Mode.
* Built-in Auto-speak Macro keys that make decisions and read the screen automatically.
* Both audible and visible Lotus Style pop-up menu system.
* Logically designed Speech pad allowing single-handed operation.
* Screen enhancements, which recognize monochrome or colour automatically.
* Numerous voice configurations.
* Special Help Mode, which makes learning the keyboard quick and easy.
* Easy to review context sensitive help
* A comprehensive Tutor feature, providing navigation tips as you work.
* A fully developed and easily accessible Microsoft HTML help system, including a full index, glossary, and extensive navigation features.
* Support for Sun Microsystems's Java Access Bridge
* Output to popular refreshable Braille displays in computer or Grade 2 Braille
Jaws for Windows key benefits:
* JAWS installs an enhanced, multi-lingual software speech synthesizer, "Eloquence for JFW" that works with today's standard sound cards.
* JAWS supports popular applications such as e-mail programs, word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, presentation software, sound editing software, and much more.
* JAWS for Windows supports all standard Windows applications.
* JAWS allows you to read complex web pages as if they were a word processing document.
* JAWS comes with a fully developed help facility available by a few short keystrokes
* JAWS can output to popular refreshable Braille displays in computer or Grade 2 Braille.
* JAWS offers extensive support and interoperability with our MAGic Screen Magnification software.
* JAWS is easily customized to your preference and needs. Adjustments can be made to voices through setting the person, pitch, rate, and typing echo.
Why is my information for visually impaired user's accurate?
I believe that my recommendations are correct because I used the following variety of sources:
* http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/software_jaws.asp
* http://www.synapseadaptive.com/henter2/jfw/Jaws_For_windows_New.htm
* http://www.setbc.org/res/equip/jaws/default.html
* http://www.woodlaketechnologies.com/detail.asp?bid=213&sctn=Vision&cat=Screen+Readers%2FSoftware
* http://www.sightandsound.co.uk/pages/JAWS_4.htm
* http://www.jacksontechnology.com/jawsnew.htm
* http://www.gstsdesigns.com/jaws/jaws.html
* http://www.adapt-it.org.uk/
* http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1999/7/99.07.06.x.html
As is shown again, I have used the Internet to access my information, this is because the Internet provided me with the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding Jaws for Windows for Visually impaired users.
Physically impaired users - Tracker 2000
Why I have decided to express my recommendations for Physically impaired users on a Presentation.
I have decided to express my recommendations for the Tracker 2000 on a Presentation. This will be constructed as a slide show, in Microsoft PowerPoint 2000. I have will present my recommendations for the Tracker 2000 in this way because:
* It is unproblematic to operate as a slide show
* It is easy to view
* It will be presented clearly
* It will be interesting and straightforward to follow.
Areas where current provision is unsatisfactory, and how ICT developments could meet identified needs
(E4)
I believe, that there is a lack of awareness of ICT and the benefits it can give to people with Disabilities.
There is a need to communicate far better to individuals, including people with disabilities, at home about ICT equipment and the type of help they could obtain.
I consider, that there is no reason for any type of user to be disadvantaged whatsoever in the learning process. This is one of the areas, which I have selected as a topic where I consider that the provision is unsatisfactory for dyslexic users.
My other areas will be communication within the Internet for visually impaired users, and transportation for physically impaired users.
Dyslexic users
Education
Dyslexic students should have the same opportunities, as all other students, and examinations is a part of any type of education.
There should be more provision in the specific area of examination in education.
Students, who receive extra time (normally 25%) or other concessions during GCSE exams need to have an assessment made by an educational psychologist or a teacher holding a RSA Diploma for SLD, within 3 years of the exams. Other than extra time available at the examination stage very little else has been made available to assist dyslexic students whom find exams a stressful and hard part of their life.
Examination seems to be used more and more despite it only being a record of how the user performed at that particular moment in time. Therefore, an increase of the awareness of all the facilities that would be available to assist the dyslexic user during examination time is essential.
All dyslexic users should be given the option as to whether they wish to use a PC or a laptop to assist them in their examinations. All technology, which has been developed to help assist the learning experience, should therefore be available to the user in the exam. I cannot understand if this equipment has been used to assist the user in his/her learning life, when they can't put it into practice in the exam. E.g. if the user has used a Spellmaster during his/her academic life it should be available during the time of exam. If all the various types of technology have been designed to combat problems dyslexic user faces in class, why can't they be used in external assessment?
Depending on the severity of the dyslexia, for some users a reader is available to them in their centre of education during the examination period. This reader only reads the questions that are written on the paper. However, I would suggest that instead of using a reader for the questions, the whole exam paper could be assessed orally whereby the user listens to the questions read aloud on computer and reply's to them into a microphone. Whilst the user is listening and replying to the questions the computer screen could highlight the words being said. If at any stage the user wished to hear a repeat of the questions all he/she would have to do is to touch on the question to hear it read aloud into their headphones (Touchtone - similar to the driving theory test). Using a simple software package on a PC, with a touchtone monitor, could do this. This could also be implemented for the visually impaired user.
Once all educational technology has been made available to dyslexic users during exams, they will then start to be a fairer type of assessment.
Visually impaired users
Communication within the Internet
For many blind or partially sighted learners, information and communications technology (ICT) can enable access to information by providing alternative methods of reading and recording work.
There is a range of different ways in which ICT can provide support for these users. These include:
> Tools to support communication
> Improved access to information
> Curriculum tools to develop concepts in subject areas
> A means of producing learning materials in alternative formats
Technology plays an important role in providing visually impaired users with opportunities to increase their independence and become active members of the community.
Computer technology must allow blind and visually impaired individuals the opportunity to access the vast array of information on the Internet.
Computer technology and the Internet are important in providing blind individuals with the opportunities to realize their talents and capabilities. In fact, if a blind person has proper training and opportunity, blindness can be reduced to the level of a physical nuisance.
Web page designers can do a great deal to ensure access to their sites and the information on them is made easier read for the visually disadvantaged. I would suggest to web site designer, that they must first be aware that many visually impaired users have very special needs. The user, whom may be visually impaired, would have difficulty processing information. All these barriers prevent visually impaired individuals from gaining full and easy access to websites.
The following suggestions will greatly assist access for people facing vision barriers.
. Designing screen with little clutter
2. Leave considerable space around all items
3. Avoid placing more than one hyperlink on any one line.
4. Avoid tiled backgrounds; text can become obscured.
5. Avoid dark or bright coloured backgrounds; high contrast between text and background is desirable.
6. Where possible illustrations must be used, because this makes it easier and more interesting for this type of user.
I would also suggest that auditory cues might help an individual using screen-reading software, such as JAWS (Job Access With Speech). It would allow explanatory text to be placed on a web page so the user could hear the explanation with the use of the screen reader. Designers must be careful about the way they format their pages because screen readers do not always alert users to line breaks, new paragraphs, new pages, centering or spacing used by sighted individuals to process and comprehend printed text.
The Internet is being used so much in people's everyday lives, and visually impaired users should have the same opportunity to access and view the same information. I would recommend that all websites have a function whereby the text displayed can be viewed in a different format. By this I mean, increased font size, user-friendly font (depending on their own personal preferences), and colour contrasting, etc. These are all elements, which make the information easier for the visually impaired user to read. Using a simple software package on a PC could do this. It could be purchased in a computer or similar store, as well as the ability to download the software off of the Internet.
I believe that what can be done is to take responsibility for making information as clear as possible for the visually impaired user.
Physically impaired users
Transportation
When physically impaired users use any form of transport they should never be disadvantaged at any time. They should be able to travel in virtually every transport allowed for them to any destination on any occasion.
Future public transport environments need to be designed inclusively to promote independent mobility and social inclusion.
The objectives that I consider which would benefit physically impaired users when using public transportation are:
* An identification regarding the developing elements of a modern transport system which will deliver ICT improvements contributing directly to the quality of life to the physically impaired,
* Initiate technical developments and innovative solutions for transport problems and integrate transport policies with those to promote social inclusion,
* Address passenger information and needs with the development of new ICT products, processes, systems and services to assist those with a physical impairment,
* Address the needs of an physically impaired user by enhancing a journey through improved technical design, and improved comfort,
* Provide integration of modes of transport to promote social inclusion and minimise physical, sociological and psychological barriers to multi-modal travel.
Current provision is unsatisfactory in the area of transport for physically impaired users.
A Special Route finder website should be constructed for the use of physically impaired people. This Internet based service would be available for anywhere in UK, Europe and even rest of world if required. The website would operate by the user inputting information, which would include: Starting point, Destination, Required time of departure, and type of disability. The website would then search the WorldWideWeb for all the different information available from travelling organisations. Output information would include:
> Methods of available transport
> Date/Time of departure
> Date/Time of arrival
> Cost
> Facilities available to the physically impaired user on and throughout the journey. (E.g. Specially modified seats and disabled toilets, etc)
The user could then book and purchase their tickets if required through a debit/credit card.
For people who don't have an Internet connection or are not computer literate, a phone number for relevant agencies (e.g. Age Concern and CAB - Citizens Advice Bureau) would be provided to all the physically impaired users, so that they could provide the information instead.
If this Route Finder is developed it will increase the amount of physically impaired people using public transport, and will make it easier for them to travel in the future.
An evaluation of the impact that hardware and software designed for use by people with special needs may have on the society in the future.
(A3)
The technology, which is made available to people with special needs, should also be made available to any members of society if the technology is going to improve the user's standard of living or performance at their workplace.
Although this technology has been specifically designed to meet the needs of the user's difficulty, it can also be adapted to improve other user's performance in certain situations.
There are many hardware and software technologies, which have been developed to meet the requirements of people with special needs. I will show how people without a disability can use some of these assistative technologies.
I will use the following examples of both hardware and software to show how the technology may impact upon the society in the future:
Hardware
> Quicktionary Reading Pen 2 (As used for my dyslexic users)
> Sony TCM-465V Cassette Recorder (As used for my dyslexic users)
> Big Keys Plus - QWERTY (multicoloured) (As used for my visually impaired users)
Software
> Concept Mapping (As used for my dyslexic users)
> Time2Revise/Timely Reminders (As used for my dyslexic users) above)
> Supernova Reader Magnifier - Standard (As used for my visually impaired users)
> JAWS for Windows Standard (Win 95/98/ME) (As used for my visually impaired users)
> ViaVoice Standard (As used for my physically impaired users)
> Dragon Naturally Speaking Professional 6 (As used for my physically impaired users)
To show the accurate impact of how society would be affected by these tools designed for people with special needs, I have decided to show this by putting information under the relevant headings: benefits and constraints.
Hardware - (impact)
Quicktionary Reading Pen 2
As shown in detail earlier in my portfolio, dyslexic users of this technology are greatly assisted. This pen, however, is also beneficial to other users.
Laurence John Edwards Candidate No. - 7084
OCR - COURSEWORK Centre No - 25170
