The theory of tenure requires that all land that is held for any estate shall be held of a lord. It was on this premise that the relationship of landlord and tenant

INTRODUCTION This paper discusses in detail the statement that The theory of tenure requires that all land that is held for any estate shall be held of a lord. It was on this premise that the relationship of landlord and tenant for a term of years that had no place in the old feudal land law was brought into the category of estates and came to be based upon tenure. A lease is construed as both a contract and an estate. Today, it is the only form of tenure that retains any practical importance.1 With the aid of barons, William the Duke of Normandy invaded and conquered England in 1066. He became William I. All land belonged to the crown. One quarter was treated by William as personal property and the rest was leased out under strict conditions. The country was split into manors which were given to Barons by the King. In return the Baron and his Knights had to serve on the royal Grand Council, pay various dues and provide the King with military service when required. The Baron kept as much land as he wished for his own use, then distributed the rest among his Knights who were thereby bound to meet the Baron's military needs, when either he or the King called for them. The knights in turn allocated sections of their lands to villeins (serfs) who had to provide free labour and food and service whenever, with or without warning, it was demanded. 2 For several

  • Word count: 1998
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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In this Assignment I am going to describe the requirements of a valid contract and also describe how statutes affect contractual terms.

BTEC National Diploma in Business Aspect of Contract and Business Law Introduction: In this Assignment I am going to describe the requirements of a valid contract and also describe how statutes affect contractual terms. Task 1.1 (p1) In this first task I will be explaining the requirements to create a valid contract and I will also point out the differences between an offer and an invitation to treat. A contract is an oral or written agreement between people. A contract is made in order to know your rights so that you cannot breach it, which means a contract binds the parties together so that no one can breach the agreement in future. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties who intend to be bounded by law. A valid contract has to consist the following: * A valid offer * A valid Acceptance * A valid Consideration * Intention * Capacity * Legality Offer This is the first stage of a contract, this is when the offeror the person who makes the offer, states an interest to enter an agreement, if the offer that the offeror sets is accepted by the other party (the offeree). An offer is a proposal, promise or other manifestation of willingness to make and fulfil a contract. However and offer from the offeror could also be terminated if the offeree does not accept the terms of the agreement. There are certain rules relating to what a valid offer is one of

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  • Word count: 1997
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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Analyze the contribution of psychological contract literature to the understanding of OCB.

Analyze the contribution of psychological contract literature to the understanding of OCB. The aim of this essay is to analyze the contribution of the psychological contract literature to the understanding of organizational citizenship behaviour ("OCB"). We shall argue that while the concept of psychological contract provides a useful framework for the understanding of why an employee may engage in OCB, its capacity to help managers adopt measures to foster greater levels of OCB among employees is considerably hindered as a result of the adoption by a majority of researchers of the definition proposed by Rousseau (1989, 1997) which is characterized by a focus on individuals' perceptions of promises made by organizations rather than on the actual content of these promises, as supposed they even exist. OCB has been defined by Organ (1988) as "behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization". The process through which an employee comes to engage in OCB has been described in the OCB literature has being strongly dependant upon individually-based perceptions of organizational procedural justice (Tepper, Lockhart and Hoobler 2001) as mediated by psychological elements such as trust and organizational commitment (Tepper, Lockhart and Hoobler 2001).

  • Word count: 1933
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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contact law

By reference to case law authority, distinguish between offers and invitations to treat. A contract can be defined as an agreement between two or more competent parties in which an offer is made and accepted, and each party benefits. Some contracts are required to be in writing in order to be enforced. Therefore by using reference to case law authority I wish to distinguish between offers and invitations to treat. An offer is a statement of willingness from one part to enter into a contract that contains certain terms. The offer must be completed and capable of being accepted. The written terms can be used in evidence in the event of a disagreement. A contract does not always need to be written. There are some situations where an oral contract will be legally enforceable. The offer must be accepted without new terms entering the contract. If the offer is not accepted or new terms are introduced then this is a counter - offer. A counter offer can refuse the original offer. If the counter offer terms are accepted then these terms become the terms of the contract. Acceptance does not take place until communication to the person making the offer. Communication of acceptance is the moment when the contract is formed. There are two main rules leading communication of acceptance. These being the reception rule - the contract are formed when acceptance is received by the person

  • Word count: 1921
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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Contract law - Advise Sarah - The first thing to ascertain is whether the advertisement constitutes an 'offer' or an 'invitation to treat'.

CONTRACT LAW First Term Unassessed Essay . On 2nd January 1999, Sarah reads in a local newspaper, "The Brighton Bugle", that a well known local sports enthusiast, Mick Muscle, was offering £5,000 to the first person to swim from Southsea to the Isle of Wight before 10th January, 1999. Sarah, a keen swimmer, set about her preparations. On 6th January, 1999, a retraction appeared in "The Hove Herald' stating that Mick's original offer was cancelled and, instead, the prize was now to be £500 to the first person to cycle from Brighton to Oxford before 12th January, 1999. Sarah was a regular reader of "The Brighton Bugle" and no other newspaper. She did not see the retraction in "The Hove Herald". On 9th January, Sarah went down to the beach at Southsea to commence her swim to the Isle of Wight. A bystander, who identified himself as Rick Muscle (Mick's brother), told her that the swimming prize had been cancelled and she should "go and get her cycling gear on". Sarah disregarded this statement and proceeded with her swim. Rick Muscle notified his brother, Mick, who promptly hired a boat and caught up with Sarah in the middle of her swim. Mick shouted at her through a megaphone, telling her of the withdrawal of the reward for the swim. Sarah was not deterred and completed her swim to the Isle of Wight. On returning to her home in Brighton, she decided to cycle to Oxford the

  • Word count: 1915
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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For a contract to be valid there must be an agreement and an offer between the two parties

Beatson, in Anson's Law of contract, defines a contract as 'A legally binding agreement made between two or more persons, by which rights are acquired by one or more to acts or forbearances on the part of the other or others.'1 In simpler terms a contract is an agreement made between two or more parties who intend that the agreement will be legally binding. The essential elements of a contract are, offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations, capacity, form and legality. For a contract to be valid there must be an agreement and an offer between the two parties In order to advice the parties one needs to distinguish weather it is an offer or an invitation to treat. Roger who is fifteen years old, decided to treat himself for his fifteenth birthday. Roger was interested in buying a new stereo. Roger set off, searching for his new stereo where, he went past his nearest Electrical World branch and he saw a large sign displayed on the window stating that many items were on special offer. Roger was interested because he wanted to buy a stereo. The advertisement that Roger saw was advertising various top brand stereos, this attracted his attention, in particular was that various top brand stereos were at £25 each. Roger entered the shop and wondered around where he saw a table with a sign saying ' last few sale items all £25 or less'. Roger spotted a top of the

  • Word count: 1879
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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contract law

Charlotte Jones Group 15. Thursday 4pm Non Assessed Coursework Robert and his wife, Lucy, decide to take dance classes at a local Salsa dance club. They used to go to ballroom dance classes at the same club some years ago. Because Salsa dancing has become so popular, they book the classes in advance. On the back of the receipt a printed clause says "For terms and conditions please see notices in the club". On the inside of the club door a large notice is pinned up. The notice reads, "The club will not accept responsibility for any loss suffered by customers". At their first dance class, the dance instructor, Paul, who also owns the club, demonstrates an energetic step and falls over, knocking Robert to the ground. Robert's arm is broken and his Rolex watch is damaged beyond repair. When Lucy goes to the cloakroom to get her coat, she finds her coat has been stolen. Advise Robert and Lucy as to any contractual claim they may have. I will begin by looking at the contractual claim Lucy has in respect to the loss of her coat. Lucy's claim could be based most suitably on the area of Contract law known as incorporation, and perhaps negligence. Dealing first with incorporation. For a clause to form part of a contract it must be effectively incorporated into it. The basic rule of incorporation is that there has to be sufficient notice of the terms before a contract is completed

  • Word count: 1874
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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What makes an offer binding?

MARINI & FISCHER LTD. SOLICITORS Date: 24 May 2002 Our Reference : 'Ambassador Desks' 123456/B Your Reference : Westway Office/ Legal, May 02 Subject : Legal rules which involves the sell of Ambassador Desks Westway Office Equipment 29 Church Road Hove BN3 2JH Dear Sir or Madam, In response to your letter for legal advice involving the sale of one particular type of desks the 'Ambassador'. This case has been analysed into a number of points involving the Law of Contract. In order for a contract to be enforceable under English Law by an action in the civil courts, there must be a valid offer and acceptance. An offer may be made to a particular person or, in some cases, to the world at large. A valid offer is a clear statement of the terms on which party (the offeror) is prepared to do business with another party (the offeree), provided to be capable of acceptance, the offer must not be too vague and must be unconditionally accepted by the other party. Very briefly, I would also like to give the definition of contract for your reference: "A contract is an agreement between two or more persons which is intended by them to be legally binding". However, areas of law concerned in your case with legal issues explained below together with examples

  • Word count: 1838
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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Outline how consumers are protected in contracts for the sale of goods, identifying relevant express and implied terms in the contract. Refer to two relevant statutes

National Diploma Business Unit 21: Aspects of Contract and Business Law Pass 3 Outline how consumers are protected in contracts for the sale of goods, identifying relevant express and implied terms in the contract. Refer to two relevant statutes Sales of Goods Act 1979 Under the Sale of Goods Act 1979 traders must sell goods that are as described and of satisfactory quality. If consumers discover that products do not meet these requirements they can reject them and ask for their money back providing they do so quickly. On the other hand, they can ask for the item to be replaced, repaired or try to claim compensation. Implied Terms To comply with this act the business has to make sure they have a title, description, fitness and satisfactory quality. This are the implied terms of the contract which are in section 12 to 15 of the act. Title - In section 12 of the act, it explains that in order to sell a product, the seller must have the legal right of ownership. This means that a seller cannot sell a product that does not belong to them and if they attempt to do so, they will be in breach of contract Description - Before making a purchase, the buyer should be given adequate information on the product up for sale. This information ranges from the weight, quantity, size and if it is a food product; the ingredients. If the seller fails to provide relevant or adequate

  • Word count: 1837
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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Evaluate the law of formation of contract in the context of modern methods of communication

THE DIGITAL AGE… WILL IT AFFECT YOUR CONTRACTS? The law of contract is imperative for the function of commercial activity as it seeks to protect businesses and individuals engaging in transactions. The formation of contract; the beginning stage of when a contract is being formed is governed by strict rules and terms to distinguish the different elements. The statutes regarding offers and invitations to treat are dominated by the 18-20th century where communication was distant and took a considerable amount of time. However, with the turn of the millennium; we have entered a ‘digital age’ where the use of technology is widespread and interactivity is encouraged which has affected the way we communicate. Thus the purpose of this article is to evaluate whether or not the law regarding the formation of contract must be reformed to accommodate modern methods of communication. The previous commonly used methods of communication were letters which does have problems in the formation of contract. This is because a contract can be terminated if; a reasonable time has passed or if there is a specified time and it has passed. In modern times, the major shift in communication is the fact that it has become instantaneous. For example, a telephone conversation has the same speed as a face to face conversation. Other modern types of communication include text messaging, social

  • Word count: 1822
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Law
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