Revision notes - NFOAPA

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Law Revision – NFOAPA.

Assault – Common Law but charged under S.39 CJA 1988

Intentionally or Recklessly causing V to apprehend immediate unlawful force.

Meaning of:  - Apprehend (Lamb, V’s Belief)

  • Immediate – Smith v CS Woking Police (V not sure what D do next) – This doesn’t exclude immediate future (Constanza – At some point, not excluding immediate future)
  • Words can amount to an assault (Wilson)
  • Letters (Burstow)
  • Phone calls (Ireland)
  • Touch will suffice (Collins v Wilcock)

Conditional Threats: - Words can negate (Tuberville v Savage)

  • V’s belief important (Light;Logdon; Lamb)

MR: Intent (Mohan)                                                     Subjective Recklessness (Cunningham)

Battery – S.39 CJA 1988 – Intentionally or Recklessly applying unlawful force to another person.

AR:  - Apply force directly or indirectly (Haystead;Martin)

  • Touching of skirt (Thomas)
  • Touching of another person, however slight...can’t complain from inevitable jostling ( Lord Goff - Collins v Wilcock)
  • Hostility not needed (Wilson v Pringle)
  • Act not omission (Fagan)                                  This was confused by Bermudez
  • Can be indirect (Haystead; Martin; DPP v K)
  • Must be unlawful – Excludes consent/self defence

Usual MR.

S.47 OAPA – Assault or Battery Occasioning ABH

ABH:

  • Physical (DPP v Smith; T v DPP) - Any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with health/comfort of V (Miller)
  • Psychological (Ireland; Burstow; Constanza) - Must be medically proven and more than mere emotions (Chan-Fook)
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Occasioning:

  • Causation Q. Factual/Legal cause of the AB
  • Discuss Assault/Battery that CAUSED ABH.

MR:

  • Intent/Subj. Recklessness as to the Assault or Battery.
  • No need for it to be intent/recklessness as to the ABH (Savage)

S.20 OAPA – Unlawful and malicious wounding or inflicting GBH with or without a weapon.

AR: Unlawful wounding or inflicting GBH

  • Unlawful if not in self defence or consent
  • ‘Inflict’ for S.20 and ‘Cause’ for S.18 synonymous  Inflicting is a causation Q (Burstow)
  • Wound – Break both layers of skin ...

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