Biological Chemicals and Their Role in Sport
Scientific Principles for Sport and Exercise Biological Chemicals and Their Role in Sport In order for our bodies to stay healthy there are seven key nutrients which we should involve in our every day diet. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (CHO) are important to our bodies as they give us energy for our working muscles. They are named carbohydrates due to their characteristic content of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the general formula of Cx(H2O)6. The liver turns carbohydrates into glucose and this is used by the body for energy. Carbohydrates are found in starchy foods such as pasta, bread, rice and cereal; these are known as complex carbohydrates. CHO can also be found in sugary foods such as confectionary which includes food stuffs such as lollipops, sweets and chocolate; these are known as simple carbohydrates. Simple CHOs are easily digested by the body which gives us a very fast energy release, which can be known as a 'hit'. This is because straight after digestion it appears in the circulatory system in the form of glucose, it goes straight to the cells to be used as energy. As the molecules are small they can be metabolized quickly therefore producing the quickest form of energy. Complex CHOs are larger molecules and they can only be broken down by using the enzyme amylase, which is found in the salivary glands and the pancreas. This means that it takes
Analysis of a Line-out Throw.
P.E Homework Scott Williams 21/09/03 Analysis of a Line-out Throw The main sport that I compete in is rugby. I have recently been moved to the position called HOOKER and it is my job to throw the ball into the line-out when my team win one. A line-out throw is the skill that I will be analysing. Throughout this text I will explain how to throw the perfect line-out and what muscles and bones help you achieve this. The Lineout Throw Accuracy: The lineout throw must be accurate in two planes. The ball must leave the throwers hands at the precise speed and angle of release to ensure that it meets the jumper's hands at his/her peak reach, more often than not with a trajectory such that it must clear opposition jumpers on the way. The ball must travel down the middle of the lineout regardless of the wind conditions. Consistency: It is essential that throwers are consistent in their release of the ball. It is essential that the correct practice is performed, in game-like situations, observed by the coach, and with corrections made where required. Trajectory: To arrive at the optimum position the ball must be released from the thrower's hands at the correct speed and angle to ensure that it arrives at the jumper's hands at the required moment. It may be thrown a short or a long distance, and it may be required to pass over the hands of competing jumpers or travel quickly and
The purpose of a nutritional assessment is to categorise individuals and evaluate their health, fitness and nutritional status and what behaviours they participate in within their life style. To carry out the assessments a selection of anthropometric meas
Applied Nutrition and Health Assessment 1 Contents Page 1- Introduction Page 2-3 Historical Information Page 4-6 Anthropometric measurements Page 7-9 Basic fitness tests Page 10 Physical Appearance Page 11 Blood chemistry Results Introduction The purpose of a nutritional assessment is to categorise individuals and evaluate their health, fitness and nutritional status and what behaviours they participate in within their life style. To carry out the assessments a selection of anthropometric measurements, Nutritional diagnostic methods and fitness tests are used as well as forming an understanding of the individual's medical history and information. This report will describe these methods, their purpose and the key information required to carry out a full nutritional assessment. Historical Information Having an understanding of an individual's historical information will help identify problems so corrective action can be taken to improve nutritional status. Previous medical conditions or eating disorders can give indications as to what the current nutritional and fitness status may be. Components that may be considered are family medical history, weight changes, exercise habits as well as many socioeconomic factors such as low self-esteem; poor education, family problems and money all contribute. Health History Health history provides information on the clients past
Gene doping in sport. Gene Doping is the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance
Notes for P.E Presentation Slide 1 Gene Doping is probably today's competitive weapon in sport and is a human enhancement, it was defined by WADA or the World Anti Doping Agency as "Gene Doping is the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance". Basically it is an illegal ergogenic aid that is used to enhance performance in the highly developed sporting world today. It is a very complex subject that is spoken very frequently as science fiction becoming a reality whilst others fear it is an imminent threat to the athletic world. What happens is that gene doping or therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells in order to produce a so called 'genetically engineered super athlete' for different sporting disciplines such as aerobic endurance or anaerobic power. This idea has come from genetic engineering and gene therapy which was originally for trying to introduce genes directly into human cells, focusing on diseases caused by single-gene defects, such as muscular dystrophy. Today gene therapy also has broader applications covering problems such as genetic disease, cancer and HIV. Although there have been complications in such a complex and fragile subject there have been successes, mainly in that the insertion of functional genes
The cardiovascular system is made up of 3 parts. The heart, Blood vessels and blood.
Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is made up of 3 parts. The heart, Blood vessels and blood. The cardiovascular system is responsible for Delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body, Carrying hormones, removing waste products such as Co2 and lactic acid and maintaining the body temperature. The Flow of blood around the heart In order to make its journey around the body blood is carried through five different blood vessels. These are the; arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. * left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary vein (only veins carry pure blood) * pure blood(oxygenated) is pumped to left ventricle through bicuspid and pump to all the other parts of the body through aorta * right atrium receives de oxygenated blood from all parts of the body * impure blood(de oxygenated) pumped to right ventricle through tricuspid and pump to lungs through pulmonary artery(only artery carries impure blood) for oxygenation. Blood flows through the heart and around the body in one direction. It is known as the one way street. This is because of the valves in the heart that only let the blood go one way. The heart sometimes gets known as a double pump as the right hand side of the heart (deoxygenated blood) is pumped to the lungs and the left hand (oxygenated blood) is pumped to the body. Right hand side. When the heart is
Identify and justify the key components of fitness.
IDENTIFY AND JUSTIFY THE KEY COMPONENTS OF FITNESS Fitness is the ability to cope effectively with the stresses of everyday life; it helps contribute to an overall healthy lifestyle. Fitness is made up of components, which can be divided into health related components, and skill related components. Health related fitness could benefit everyone to a certain degree as each component is contributing towards a healthier body. The components which help to do this are; aerobic capacity, flexibility, strength and body composition. Skill related components are more dedicated to sport performers who try to develop these skills through training. Skill related components include power, speed, reaction time, balance, agility and coordination. Health related components Aerobic capacity - This is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in and used by the body during prolonged periods of participation in that activity. In football this is used through out the game as the body is usually always on the move, and so the cardiac and vascular system must be fit enough to cope with the gaseous exchange. Flexibility - This is the range of movement around a joint and depends on the stretch allowed by the ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint. Being flexible helps increase your performance and limits injury risk as stiffness is decreased around the joint area. In football keepers
Bones and Joints in the Human Body.
Body in Action There are 206 bones in the human body. The structure of the skeletal system is divided into two areas, the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and the appendicular skeleton (bones of the upper and lower limbs). The skeleton provides protection for the body's organs E.g. the cranium protects the soft tissues of the brain. Also the skeletal system supports the body to help people move which is necessary in order to live and do everyday tasks. The skeleton also provides attachment points for muscles to enable body movement. The major bones of the axial skeleton are the skull, the vertebral column, the ribcage, and the sternum. The major bones of the human body are very important and have major functions E.g. The vertebrae column allows us to bend, stretch and rotate our body without it we could not move in these ways. Below is a labeled diagram of the skeletal system. Picture reference - www.google.images.co.uk Body in Action There are different types of joints in the human body, joints are the place where two place meet. The joints hold your bones together and allow your rigid skeleton to move. Ball and socket joints a very mobile joint in the body, like your hip and shoulder joints, this joint allows you to swing your arms and legs in many different positions. This is the limit of the ball and sockets joint. A type of joint that
Dead leg rehabilitation
Sports Injuries Dead leg on the quadriceps - to a football player This is a heavy impact to the quadriceps causing the muscle to be crushed against the bone. This causes a tearing of the muscle within the sheath that surrounds it. This will result in bleeding but the initial bleeding may stop early (within hours) because of increased pressure within the muscle, but the fluid is unable to escape as the muscle sheath prevents it. The result is considerable loss of function and pain, which can take days or weeks to recover. You are not likely to see any bruising come out especially in the early stages. When a player gets a dead leg you should first use the SALTAPS protocol so it is correctly diagnosed and also so that you can choose the correct treatment to prevent the injury worsening and help relive pain. See - the injury occur, look at the mechanism of the injury. Ask - the player what is wrong, where they are injured, where the pain is and how it happened. Look - at the injury, and look for redness, deformity, bleeding or inflammation. Touch - the injury or area around injury to see if you can feel heat, ask the injured person If thy feel pain or any other sensations. Active Movement - see if the injured person can move the injured area Passive Movement - try to move the injured area Strength - if both passive and active movements are performed with no pain try a
Hydration and Sports Performance. Conditions caused by lack of fluids
Hydration and Sports Performance Signs and symptoms Water is the most important nutrient, particularly for athletes, this is because water makes up 85% of the body. It is important to keep hydrated before, after and during exercise this is because an athlete can lose up to 1 litre of water per hour during endurance exercise. Therefore re-hydration is essential especially in a hot environment. The symptoms of hydration are: * Thirst * Decreased blood volume * Concentrated urine * Difficulty concentrating * Dizziness * Breathing difficulties * Confusion and poor speech * Muscle spasms * Tingling and numbness of limbs * Renal failure * Death Conditions caused by lack of fluids Muscle cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms in one or more of your muscles. They often occur after exercise, lasting a few seconds to several minutes. They can occur after exercise of up to 2 hours and are often the result of fluid loss or inadequate salt intake when sweating heavily. An example of muscle cramps occurring during exercise is when footballers go into extra time during competitive games. Many footballers go experience cramp during extra time of a match because they are exceeding the amount of time they usually play for and are loosing more fluids than what the body is used to. To over come cramp they need to stretch out their muscles and hydrate themselves
Anatomy and Physiology.
Complementary Therapies BSc (Hons) Level One Semester 2 Module: Anatomy and Physiology Course Tutor: Heidi Yates Sharna Richardson. Contents Sections Title Page 0.0 Introduction .0 2 Introduction The purpose of this report is to enable me to review and consolidate what I have previously learnt and, through personal research, to study some aspects of muscle physiology in further depth. My report consists of a brief description of how bone growth occurs, referring to the process of ossification, the role of cartilage, calcium homeostasis and the factors, which cause the skeleton to undergo a spurt of growth in puberty. The report then moves on to describe clearly, with the use of diagrams, the movements possible in a synovial. The joints described are the knee and the hip joint. A fully labelled and annotated diagram of these synovial joints is included. Finally, my report explains clearly the events leading up to contraction of a muscle fibre, and includes labelled diagrams to explain the process. There is also a large diagram showing the structure of a skeletal muscle, which is fully labelled and offers brief explanatory notes on each part of the structure. Task 1 - The Growth of the Skeleton The skeletal system of the body provides support and protection, it allows body movements, and is the site of blood cell production and stores minerals and