Anatomy For BTEC Sport - bones and muscles.

BTEC Level 3 in Sport November 1 2012 ________________ BTEC Level 3 in Sport UNIT 1 Anatomy Human Skeleton For humans the skeleton is a large part to the structure of the body because of all its required functions which all help to maintain the body in a safe and secure state. The human skeleton is made of 206 bones which are specifically developed and designed to perform several basic functions. At birth the human skeleton is made up of 275 different bones and as the body matures some of the bones fuse together leaving only 206 bones in the adult body. The skeleton is the internal structure that holds the human body up and with the help of the muscular system allows us to move. The skeleton includes several functions which are vitally important and essential for participation and contribution towards physical activity and movement. Without other components the skeleton would not be able to perform its functions correctly because it needs to combine with ligaments and joints otherwise it wouldn't be able to achieve the following functions: Support The skeleton helps to provide a rigid and inflexible framework to the body which in turn gives the body its shape and also provides suitable positions for attachment of skeletal muscle. Protection The skeleton provides intensive protection for all the body's internal organs to prevent any damage which occur and cause

  • Word count: 2530
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Structure and Functions of Skeletal system

Glenn Nelson Structure and Functions of Skeletal system Movement Bones provide the structure for muscles to attach so that our bodies are able to move. Protection – The skeleton protects vital organs of the body such as the lungs and it is where the blood cells are manufactured to fight diseases. Support – The skeleton holds organs in place and holds the body upright Image - http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/humanbody/skeletalsystem/images/SkeletonAnterior.jpg Synovial joint Example Movement Sporting example Ball & Socket Sholder/Hip Rotation, Extension, Flexion Shot-put Hinge Elbow/Knee Adduction, Abduction, Flexion, Extension Judo Condyloid Wrist Cicumduction, Abduction, Adduction Ping-Pong Saddle Thumb Flexion, Extension Pivot Top of the neck Flexion, Extension, rotation Boxing Gliding Hand Gliding The Axial Skeleton Name of bones Type Description Crainium Flat The cranium is the part of the skull that protects the brain. Mandible Flat This is a U-shaped bone and forms the lower jaw. Sternum Flat It is known as the Breast Located right in the middle of your chest. Ribs Flat You have twelve pairs of ribs which protect the lungs and heart. Cervical Vertebrae Irregular The neck region of the spine. This region consists of seven vertebrae, which allows the neck to move freely. Thoracic Vertebrae

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Critically evaluate the effect of an impact sport and a repetitive action sport on the skeletal system of a young performer

Critically evaluate the effect of an impact sport and a repetitive action sport on the skeletal system of a young performer. (10) Impact sport and repetitive action sport can be extremely beneficial to the skeletal system of a young performer however they also have their pitfalls. A high impact sport is like gymnastics or basketball, these sports can cause extra stress on the joints of the legs and the spine, where as a low impact sport is any sport which has less strain on the weight bearing joints, examples of a low impact sport are swimming or jogging. A repetitive sport is when a specific joint or joints perform a movement repeatedly in any activity like in golf or tennis. The main beneficial effect of an impact sport and repetitive action sport is the increase in bone density, because when a person regularly exercises more calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate is deposited making the bone stronger. By participating in a high impact sport this causes microscopic fibers in the bone to shatter and grow back stronger. This is beneficial because it makes the person less prone to injury and protects the growth plate from getting damaged. As a person gets older the bone contains less collagen and becomes less dense, causing easily damaged brittle bones; however if a person has maintained strong bones throughout their life through exercise the stronger they will remain.

  • Word count: 762
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Lifestyle Factors

Russell Smith 6/10/10 Exercise, Health, and Lifestyle Lifestyle Factors I have been approached by the local Council, who in partnership with various Fitness centres in the area, have identified a need to educate people about various lifestyle factors and how they may affect health. So I am going to discuss and examine the components of lifestyle factors. Physical activity (PA) is anything from pushing the vacuum cleaner around the house, to playing football for a professional team. 30 minutes of moderate intensity PA, 5 times a week is deemed enough to receive health benefits. For children this is increased to 60 minutes a day, but still 5 times a week. Regular PA can increase your BMR by 10%, which can contribute to losing weight and mobilising joints. The actual definition for weight lose is, the decrease of risk of getting CHD (Coronary Heart Disease), some types of cancer (colon and prostate), and diabetes. Also PA helps alleviate arthritis. We've known about the health risks of smoking for over 50 years, yet 1 in 5 adults still smoke. 22 % of men smoke in the UK, statistics show that a smoker is more likely to be male, a manual worker, between the age of 20 - 24, from an ethnic minority (particularly Bangladeshi), and from the north west of the UK. There are 3 main

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Reaction time

Reaction, Movement & Reaction Reaction time measures a performers ability to sense and interpret information before making a movement in sport, based on perceptual ability. The following shows the relationship between reaction time, movement time and response time for an athletics race. Figure 1 Figure 1 shows us that reaction time is the time between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the response. There is no movement in reaction time; it is the processing of the stimulus before movement takes place. For example, at the start of the race, the reaction time is the period from hearing the gun until just prior to leaving the blocks. Movement time is the time from the beginning to the completion of the task, so that in my example would be from the first movement until the race is finished. Response time is from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task, which in my example is the time from the athlete hearing the gun to finishing the race. Therefore Response time is the sum of Reaction time and Movement Time. In sport, the more choices the performer has to make, the slower the response time will be. A simple reaction time is when a performer needs to react to just one stimulus, which means they know what stimulus is coming and they must react to it, therefore a faster reaction time can be achieved. An example of this is going back to my first example

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Respiratory system

Mrs Campbell BTEC Sport 3F Carla Hill Assignment 4 Structure of the respiratory system Nasal Cavity The nose can vary in different shapes, size and colours. The nose is divided into the internal nasal cavity and the external nasal cavity. The two cavities are parted into the left and right cavity. The centre of this is called the nasal septum. When you breathe in, it goes threw the nose, then the air is filtered by little hairs inside the nose which trap dirt and pollen. The walls are covered in tissue inside your nasal cavity are filled with blood vessels. The heat from your blood vessels helps heat up the air that you breathe. Epiglottis This is a small flap like structure which is made of cartilage. It closes the top of the trachea when you swallow food or drink to ensure it doesn't go down into the lungs. Pharynx The pharynx is a tube like structure which connects to the nasal and oral cavities. It is also sometimes called the throat. It is a small tube that is normally around 10-13cm from the base of the skull to the end. It is a tube for food and air so special features allow food to travel down this tube into another opening for food and there is another opening for air. Larynx The larynx is commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck which protects the trachea and the sound production. It is also sometime's called 'Adam's apple'. It controls

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Skeletal System

Task One The Skeletal System When looking at the skeleton, we normally look at it in the anatomical position. There are 206 bones in the adult human body. These are some of the main bones: There are 2 divisions that make up the skeletal system. These are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the cranium, ribs, sternum and the vertebrae. The appendicular skeleton consists of the upper limbs (arms), lower limbs (legs), pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. In our everyday life, the skeleton has 5 purposes: - Protection: a rigid structure to protect vital organs on impact. - Support: a rigid structure which tissue attaches onto and keeps the body in shape and upright. - Cell production: bone marrow produces blood cells, mainly red blood cells. - Movement: rigid structure with joints that act as levers and allow us to move. - Mineral reserve: substances such as fats and minerals can be stored within the bones for later use. There are 5 types of bones within the human body. These are: - Long: longer than they are wide. (e.g. the femur and the humerous) - Short: as wide as they are long (e.g. the carpals and tarsals) - Flat: flat and protect another structure (e.g scapula and ribs) - Irregular: no common characteristics (e.g the vertebrae) - Sesamoid: contained within a tendon (e.g. the patella and in the sole of the foot)

  • Word count: 1155
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System provides us with many important functions, it provides us with the shape and form for our bodies as well as supporting, protecting, allowing our body to move freely, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals. The Skeletal System is the system of our body that gives our body its physical shape and with the help of the Muscular System it keeps us moving and makes us able to do tasks that we don't think about like raising our leg to kick a football or using our legs to boost us into the air to spoil the mark. The Skeletal System works directly with the help of the skeletal system which would explain why it is often referred to as the musculo-skeletal System. The average adult skeleton has 206 bones that are joined up with ligaments and tendons to make a protective and supportive framework for the muscles and the soft tissues which lie underneath it. The 206 bones form a rigid framework that the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached to, the vital organs are also protected by the Skeletal System, the brain is protected by the skull just like the heart and lungs are protected by the sternum and rib cage. The skeleton has two main parts: The Axial Skeleton and The Appendicular Skeleton, The Axial Skeleton contains the skull, spine, ribs and the sternum (which is the breastbone) and includes another 80 bones. The Appendicular Skeleton

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The skeletal system

The precise number of bones in the adult human skeleton varies from one person to another, but on average there are 206 bones varying shapes and sizes. The skeleton is divided into two main parts. The central bones of the skull, ribs, spin (vertebral column) and breast bone (sternum) form the axial skeleton. The bones of the arms and legs, along with the shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle) and pelvis make up the appendicular skeleton. The cylindrical, linked vertebrae of the spinal column offer strong, bony protection for the spinal cord. Aided by muscles and ligaments, the vertebrae support the skull and hols the body upright. The spin has a flexible structure that permits twisting and bending of the trunk. The wing-shaped shoulder blades (scapulae) that cover the upper part of the ribcage allow great flexibility in the arms and shoulders. Bone shapes The shapes of the bones reflect their functions. Long bones act as leavers to raise and lower; short bones, such as the ankle bones (talus) are useful bridges; flat bones including those found in the skull form protective shells. Small, rounded, sesamoid bones, such as the knee cap (patella), are embedded within tendons. Irregular bones include vertebrae, the pelvis (ilium), and some skull bones, such as the sphenoid. Bones of the hand and foot The skeletal structure of the hand and foot is similar;

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Respiratory System:

The Respiratory System: Tidal volume: volume that flows into the lungs with each inspiration during quiet breathing. Inspiratory Reserve: air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume. The mean for this is 3.3 in men and 1.9 in women. Expiratory Reserve: volume expired by active expiration after passive expiration the mean scores for this is 1.01 in men and 0.7 in women. Vital Capacity: maximum breath volume. In this second part of the essay we had to compare the results of the tests we under took. The test we did was using a spirometer, we collected respiratory activity, of a few people in our group, compared them and see what factors could affect lung capacity. Subject A (female) Emma holder Tidal Volume = 23mm (average) this is due to the fact that hear tidal volumes where of mixed length so I thought it would be best to get the mean. Inspiratory reserve volume = 11 mm Expiratory reserve volume = 30 mm The percentage of the vital capacity the tidal volume represents = 37% Subject B (Male) Andy Tidal volume - 4 units Inspiratory reserve volume - 14 units Expiratory reserve volume - 6 units The percentage of the vital capacity the tidal volume represents - 20% Subject C (male) cheese Tidal Volume- 15mm Inspiratory reserve volume- 35mm Expiratory reserve volume - 45mm The percentage of the vital capacity the

  • Word count: 781
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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