Treatment to Joint Ventures Under The European Commission On Merger Regulations.

"To evaluate in an individual case whether the formation of a joint venture in the production field restricts potential competition, the commission may use a checklist of questions with respect to each of the parties..."1 A joint venture could be used to describe practically any commercial agreement concerning two or more firms. In other words, this is the coming together of two or more undertakings (parents) in order to achieve a goal by integrating part of their operations and putting it under joint control. Joint ventures cover wide commercial activities, ranging from full-merger like activities, to activities limited to some functions which include research and development (R &D), production and distribution and so on.2 Co-operation between undertakings which are on the same level in the market may not always necessarily be anti-competitive. Co-operation between such firms may, in some circumstances facilitate economies of scale and even encourage new products to be brought into the market. Competition authorities such as the commission, usually encourage such co-operations however, keep a watchful eye against concerted practices which are not in line with the market. Examples of such agreements or Joint ventures encouraged by the commission include where two or more parties put their resources together in order to develop a project. This may only be limited in time to

  • Word count: 4246
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Skeletal System and Joints

Anatomy; Skeletal System and Joints There are 6 types of Synovial joints; * Hinge, A hinge joint allows extension and flexion, e.g. the elbow, * Saddle, A saddle joint allows abduction, adduction flexion and extension, e.g. the thumb, * Ball and Socket, A ball and socket joint allows for most types of movement abduction adduction, rotation flexion and extension, E.g. hips and shoulders, * Condyloid, Condyloid joints are similar to a ball and socket joint. They allow the same type of movement to a lesser extent, e.g. The wrist, * Pivot, Pivot joints allow only rotation. E.g. neck and forearms have pivot joints. In the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In the forearms the radius and ulna twist around each other. * Freely gliding, in a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Carpals and tarsal's joints are gliding joints. Applications of Synovial Joints to Sports and Exercise Examples. Hinge joints; Elbow joint; these only flex and extend so only need two sets of muscles to move them (flexors and extensors). In the case of the arm the biceps brachii are the flexors and the triceps brachii are the extensors. The biceps brachii contract in weight lifting and flexes the elbow joint lifting the weight. To lower the weight the triceps brachii contract and the biceps brachii relax extending the elbow joint. In this one repetition the elbow

  • Word count: 5092
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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functions of the skeleton

5 functions of the skeletal system The skeleton does many things to make sure that your body works properly. The main 5 functions that the skeletal system does are; * Support, shape * Protection * Movement * Production of red blood cells * Attachment of muscles Support, Shape I would say the main function is to hold your body upright without your support of the skeleton you would literally just be like jelly. It also provides attachment for the skeletons muscles which provide movement. Your skeleton is strong but light meaning it can move freely without putting stress and the muscles. The skeleton is made up of 206 bones help together by ligaments. The shape of the skeleton is really well designed as you can see the legs are the longest limb this is because you use your legs the most and back in the prehistoric times men would have to catch food by running after there prey, The skeleton would evolve to make the legs longer resulting in the men running faster. http://www.colganinstitute.com/CI_Photos/CI_Skeleton1.gif Different shapes of the skeleton help with different sports. There are 3 different types: Mesomorph As you can see a person that is a mesomorph is strong and muscular and a medium height. These suit types of sport like sprinting or swimming this is because these sport use power in their muscles which mesomorphs usually have.

  • Word count: 760
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Muscular contraction and Action potential.

Muscular contraction and Action potential Muscle can contract only when a nerve ending is stimulated by outgoing impulses from the Central Nervous System (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. There are Three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac and skeletal: - Smooth: smooth muscle is involuntary and found within hollow internal organs. It is slow to contract, although can sustain a contraction for a long period. There is a single nucleus and no striations (bands); smooth muscle is arranged in parallel lines. Cardiac: cardiac muscle is involuntary and only found in the heart. It contracts rhythmically. Its intercalated disks permit quick spreading of the impulse, so contractions are also quick. There I complete relaxation between contractions and no fatigue. Skeletal: Skeletal muscle is attached to bones under voluntary control; the contraction of these muscles causes bone movement. The fibres are cylindrical, striated and multinucleated. Skeletal muscle structure: Tendon connects the muscle to the bone. 'Facia' connects the muscle to tendon; facia is connective tissue, several layers thick, the innermost layer is called 'epimysium'. 'Fasicles' exists within the epimysium; the fasicles are separated by 'perimysium'. Muscle 'fibres' within the fasicle are separated by 'endomysium'. These muscle fibres also contain 'myofibrils' which run the length of the

  • Word count: 1053
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Effects of Fatigue In the Upper Body On a Player's Abillity To Take a Successful Set Shot.

Introduction: In this investigation I will be studying the effects of fatigue in the upper body on a player's abillity to take a successful set shot. A set shot is a shot used in basketball when a player shoots but his feet stay firmly planted on the floor. This is the type of shot used during a free throw. If his feet leave the floor this is considered a jump shot. Fatigue occurs when the muscles have been worked to their full extent and can no longer do work. They must be rested before they will regain their abillity to work. Hypothesis: I believe that once the players are fatigued they will not be able to shoot as well as they could before they began the exersice. Background Information: Shooting There are several main points that a player must pay attention to when shooting. The shooter must have good balance and have his body under fine control. Good balance is achieved from a steady foot positioning. The movement of the player's body should either be up and down on the spot or up and towards the net and backboard. A player should have a firm grip on the ball and make sure he / she finishes the shot with the finger tips, adding the last fraction of control as the ball is launched towards its target. The longer the distance to the net, the more the player should use his legs to drive the ball through the net. When taking a shot from a stationary position a

  • Word count: 1372
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Osteoarthritis.

Victoria University Of Technology School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance HPE 4030 Social Bases Of Health Public Health Research Assignment History, Prevalence and Causes Of Osteoarthritis Corey Lawson 3077890 Words 1771 Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis, (OA) also known as degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis, affecting 30 million or more people worldwide. OA causes some mild aches and pains but never really incapacitates people. Unfortunately, in many individuals it is more than a minor problem, and can lead to significant pain, limitation, and overall disability, particularly when it involves significant joints such as the hips, knees, or spine. There are many coping strategies to consider for those with OA. What is Arthritis? The word arthritis is derived from two Greek words. The first, athron, means joint. The second, itis, means inflammation, Literally translated then, arthritis means inflammation of a joint. (Gordon, 1993:7) Inflammation of a joint is vital in the renewing process that occurs in response to injury of living tissue. It's a positive healing process provided it ends in relatively short time and does not linger indefinitely and become chronic. It's the chronic nature of arthritic inflammation that's negative and sets in motion the chain reaction leading to arthritic symptoms and signs (such as joint

  • Word count: 2073
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Actions and Effects of Creatine.

Actions and Effects of Creatine Throughout time, humans have had a fascination with being excellent at what they do, and athletics have been no exception. Many substances exist, and many have been criticized and analyzed for their safety, legality, and morality for athletes. With the banning of steroids from competitive sports, and the implementation of random drug testing in most sports, most athletes, professional, recreational, and would-be professionals are hoping to gain an edge. More recently, one such edge has been discovered, and it has found itself in locker rooms across the country, in the hands of these athletes, and all the while, and probably more importantly, in the media's direct line of fire. Although legal, creatine has it's proponents and it's opponents, through this paper, I'll discuss some of the factors that make creatine such a hot topic in sports and the health industry. To understand why people use creatine, we must first understand what it is. Creatine is a naturally occurring nutrient that is found in the body (Sahelian, 2000). It is also found in meat and fish, usually at a concentration of about 4 grams of creatine per kilogram (Sahelian, 2000). As a general fact, we consume around 1 gram per day from out daily diet. Vegetarians have a much lower intake of creatine than most meat eaters, and will usually have a noted reaction to creatine

  • Word count: 1635
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Nervous system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerve tissue of vertebrates consists of:- (a) Three types of cell:- (i) Neurons, many million, function transmit messages (impulses). (ii) Schwann cells, associate with neurons in PNS (iii) Neurological cells, found within CNS (b) Connective tissue and blood vessels. Neurons Described as unipolar, bipolar and multipolar, according to how many processes project from the cell body. Three types:- (i) Motor (ii) Sensory (iii) Connector (intermediate, relay or inter) Motor (efferent) neurons Transmits impulses from CNS to effectors e.g. muscles. Cell body located CNS. Axon enters a peripheral nerve and terminates in a muscle. May be over a metre long. A peripheral nerve may contain several thousand axons. Axon enclosed within a fatty myelin sheath. At about 1mm intervals are constrictions called nodes of Ranvier. Function of sheath is protection, insulates axon and speeds up transmissions of impulses. Nodes allow exchange of materials between axoplasm and surrounding tissue. Some vertebrates have axons which are non-myelated, however majority are myelated. Both myelated and non myelated neurons associated with Schwann cells, which produces the myelin sheath in the case of myelinated neurons. Both types surrounded by a thin neurilemma which is part of the Schwann cell. Nissi's granules are groups of ribosomes (rich in RNA) and are

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Fractures - Bone Injuries and Fractures.

FRACTURES. Bone Injuries and Fractures A broken bone should be suspected whenever a person complains of pain with the loss of the normal use of a limb. Any victim suspected of having a broken neck or broken back should be handled in a special manner Most fractures are "simple," and the skin is not broken. Breaks that pierce the skin are known as "compound" fractures. 1. When there is reason to suspect multiple broken bones or a fractured pelvis or thigh, let trained emergency personnel transport the victim to a hospital. 2. If the fracture is compound, cover the skin with large clean pads; never try to change the position of the broken bone. 3. If the victim must be moved, immobilize the limb by securing it to a firm object. (For example, a piece of wood, broom handle, ski pole, several newspapers or magazines, or even an uninjured leg can be tied to an injured leg to immobilize it.) Both ends of the splint must extend beyond the area of the suspected fracture. Secure with bandages, belts, sheets, or neckties. Most injuries of the arm or hand can be stabilized simply with a sling. A severe sprain should be treated like a fracture, and medical attention should be sought. Milder sprains may be managed at home. Aspirin, rest, elevation of the affected extremity, and local ice packs are the best treatment. Do not attempt to reset a dislocated joint--a bone

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Flexibility Practical

Flexibility Practical "Flexibility is the range of motion of a joint or series of joints and their associated muscles. It involves the ability to move a part of the body through the full range of motion allowed by normal disease free joints."(www.adtdl.army.mn) There are different types of flexibility, according to Kurz: * Dynamic flexibility (Kinetic flexibility): This is the ability to perform dynamic (or kinetic) movements of the muscles to bring a limb through its full range of motion in the joints. * Static-active flexibility (Active flexibility): This is the ability to assume and maintain extended positions using only the tension of the agonists and synergists while the agonists are being stretched. E.g. lifting the leg and keeping it high without any external support (other than your own leg muscles). * Static-passive flexibility (Passive flexibility): This is the ability to assume extended position and then maintain them using only your weight, the support of your limbs, or some other apparatus. Active flexibility is harder to develop than passive flexibility; not only does active flexibility require passive flexibility in order to assume an initial extended position, it also requires muscle strength to be able to hold and maintain that position. * Factors limiting flexibility: * Internal influences: -The type of joint (some joints aren't meant to be

  • Word count: 2509
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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