Nutrition and Digestion
Russell Smith 6/10/10 Sports Nutrition Nutrition & Digestion In this assessment I am going to examine the factors of sports nutrition, it plays an important part in sports performance. It can make the difference between playing amateur or professional sport. Understanding and knowing what to eat can maximise the bodies potential. As a sports performer it is essential to have thorough working knowledge of nutrition and digestion. This will allow you to understand the effects diet can have on your performance. The first thing I'm going to discuss is definitions of the following terms. The meaning of nutrition is the means by which the energy and nutrients in food are taken in and used by your body. So sports nutrition is using the knowledge of nutritional strategies on sports performance. A balanced diet is a diet consisting of the proper quantities and proportions of the food needed to maintain health or growth. The definition of calorie is the energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C. A kilocalorie or food calorie or 1,000 calories. Kilojoules is the measure of energy, for example in food and physical activity 1 kilo joule (Kj) = 0.238 Kcal. Recommended daily allowance (RDA) is the amount of nutrients and calories an individual is meant to
Anatomy for sports and exercise Task 1The function of a skeleton is to give us support to stand up and move, it also gives us our posture
Anatomy for sports and exercise Task 1 The function of a skeleton is to give us support to stand up and move, it also gives us our posture and shape and is a framework for out vital organs such as our brain, lungs and heart and so on. So basically the function of our skeleton is to support, protect and enable movement. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones. The human skeleton provides a lever system which muscles can pull. It produces red blood cells and also sores fats and calcium and also phosphate. The skeleton is divided into 2 groups the appendicular skeleton, appendicular meaning hanging on and the axial skeleton arranged along the long axis o our body. Our axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column and the bony thorax (ribs). This provides us with central support for the body and protects internal support. There are a total of 24 individual vertebrae in the spinal column, the fused vertebrae that make up the coccyx and sacrum. The coccyx and the sacrum is the part that is shaded in red on the diagram, the sacrum is the upper half and the coccyx is the lower half. The cervical region is the most superior and has 7 vertebrae. This part shaded green. Next are the thoracic region with 12, this is the part shaded blue and finally the lumbar region with 5 which is the part shaded yellow. The first two vertebrae are named the atlas and the axis. The
The skeletal system in the body and what it does within the body
This assignment looks at the skeletal system and its contribution to the structure, protection and stability of the body together with different joints and their relationships with ability in sports. http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html#what The structure of the skeleton is split into two main groups the Axial skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton. The Axial skeleton forms the main structure of the skeleton and supports the rest of the skeleton. The Appendicular skeleton consists of the skull, the ribcage, clavicle, pelvis and the vertebral column. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/30 The vertebral column is made up of 33 vertebrae which can be divided in to 5 different regions: the cervical spine (7 bones), the thoracic spine (12 bones), the Lumbar spine (5 bones), the sacrum (5 bones) and the coccyx (4 bones). The five sacrum bones and the 4 coccyx bones are fused together to form one solid bone. The functions of the spine are protection of the spinal cord, nerve and muscle attachments to send signals to the brain and the rest of the body, to give the body its shape and weight bearing. The vertebrae get slightly bigger as they get lower to distribute the weight evenly among them all. The double S-shape allows the spine to act as a shock absorber. This not only contributes to its role as a protector for the spinal cord but also
Nutrition and Hydration. Energy Intake and Expenditure In Sports Performance
Jack Pedley Unit 10 Sports Nutrition Assignment 2 P3/M1 Energy Intake and Expenditure In Sports Performance ." "Energy expenditure refers to the amount of energy a person uses daily to complete all bodily activities - from movement to breathing to digestion. It is measured in calories, a unit of heat, and is represented by the symbol kcal. Energy requirements can vary widely from person to person, and even from day to day in an individual. Total energy expenditure, also known as metabolic rate, is affected by such factors as amount of physical activity, number of hours spent sleeping, types of foods consumed, exposure to extreme temperatures, and amount of muscle mass a person carries" http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-energy-expenditure.htm Energy comes from the sun, it is called solar energy and it plants can convert this solar energy to chemical energy by a Process called photosynthesis. This chemical energy is used to make other substances such as carbohydrates, protein and fat and our body uses these in foods to obtain energy). Our bodies use protein and fat to produce Calories are units of energy, for the body, our body needs this energy to stay alive, grow, keep warm and be active. Several factors determine the number of calories that a person needs daily, including age, gender, level of physical activity, general fitness, and basal metabolic rate. Despite the
Arousal Theories. Arousal is defined as a perception of anticipation and alertness that performers my encounter before a match
Luke Stubbs Arousal Theories Arousal is defined as a perception of anticipation and alertness that performers my encounter before a match. It prepares the body for action and is a physiological effect that can be both positive and negative. “the energised state is how Honeybourne defienes arousal and can also be known as a performers readiness for action. ‘The energised state, or the readiness for action that motivates a performer to behave in a particular way. High arousal can cause us to worry & become anxious, which is negative if it isn’t controlled. Raising arousal level can also cause a state of ‘readiness’ to perform – this is largely a positive aspect & can enhance performance. An important theory of arousal is Drive theory (Hull 1951) A key component of drive theory performer’s level of skill & sees the relationship between arousal & performance as linear: performance increases in proportion to arousal. A very high arousal level would result in a high performance level, provided skill is well-learned. However, if the skill is not well-learned, performance of skill will deteriorate as arousal increases. This theory helps explain why beginners find it difficult to perform well under pressure. Often beginners skill level decreases if they are competing in a relay race using new skills, e.g. football dribbling race.vHowever, also explains how
Energy Systems in the Human Body
Energy Systems ATP is broken down by the enzyme ATPase to form ADP and Pi. Energy is release exothermically from this reaction. ATP can be used in the body for up to 3 seconds of muscular work at high intensity. The bond that holds the phosphate to the ATP molecule has potential energy, which when broken released energy. ATP/PC System takes place in the sarcoplasm. PC is broken down by the enzyme creatine kinase to produce a phosphate, creating and energy. The phosphate from this reaction can be used to resynthesize ATP, by reacting ADP + P + energy. This is an endothermic reaction. Overall, there is a yield of 1:1, so there has been a 0 net gain of ATP. This process can take place anaerobically, so therefore, no oxygen is required in this system. This process can only supply energy to resynthesize ATP between 8 - 10 seconds. Athletes such as Usain Bolt and best suited to this system, as their main events only last up 10 seconds, so therefore, the athlete can carrying on using this system for whole race, instead of using another system, which can take up more time and cause lactic acid. After this stage is the lactic acid system, which also takes place in the sarcoplasm. Glucose is first broken down into pyruvic acid by the enzyme PFKase, releasing 2 molecules of ATP. In the absence of oxygen, the pyruvic acid if further broken down into lactic acid by the enzyme LDHase.
Describing the Muscular System. Specific Exercises for each muscle group.
Muscular System The muscular system works with the skeletal system to produce movement of the body. The nervous system also works in conjunction with the muscular system to initiate movement in the muscles. The muscular system can be divided into 3 parts: smooth, cardiac and skeletal. Smooth muscle This type pf muscle is also known as involuntary muscle as we do not control the movement of them consciously. Examples of smooth muscle can be found in, the digestive system, circulatory system and urinary system. Multi-unit smooth muscle is composed of cells that can operate independently of one another. Visceral smooth muscle, on the other hand (often called single-unit smooth muscle), is composed of cells that, collectively, function together as a single unit. Some examples of multi-unit smooth muscle found in the body are the muscle in the iris of the eye (which causes the iris to either dilate or constrict), the muscles that cause erection of the hairs when stimulated by the nervous system (for instance, when you are so scared that your hair stands on end), and the muscle of the larger blood vessels (that help to either dilate or constrict certain sections of the blood vessels). Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of most of the hollow organs of the body, especially in the walls of the gut, the intestines, the ureters, the bladder, and the uterus. As you
Muscles in the Human Body
Muscular System Jessica WILLIAMSON ________________ The muscle tissue has four main properties; Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility and Elasticity. Excitability; The ability to respond to stimuli. Contractibility; The ability to contract. Extensibility; The ability to stretch without causing a tear. Elasticity; The ability to be able to return to normal shape. While contraction is taking place the muscular system performs 3 functions; Motion, Heat Production and Maintenance of posture. Motion; The ability of being able to move e.g. walking or running. However, with motion you must know about levers. The framework of the body is covered in muscle which permits movement. When moving or lifting a heavy load, it’s easier to use levers, and in the body it’s the exact same. All levers use 5 different parts; Lever, Fulcrum, Muscle force, Resistive force and Torque. Lever; almost always the bone Fulcrum; the pivot point of the lever in which is usually the joint. Muscle force; the force that drives the opposite ends of the muscles together. Resistive force; the force generated by a factor to the external body Torque; the degree in which a force tends to rotate an object. There are three different types of levers in the body; First-class, Second-class and Third-class. First-class; when the muscle force and resistive force is on different sides of the
Aerobic power/cardio-vascular endurance.
Aerobic power/cardio-vascular endurance I have chosen very high for this requirement of sport because although the football pitch itself is not very long the game will often go from end to end and the mid fielders will have to follow the game up and down the pitch for as much as 120 minutes if the game goes into extra time. On average a midfield player will run 9-13 kilometres a match which obviously requires a lot of endurance if the player wishes to keep a good pace of play throughout the game; yet not all of this is jogging, some is spent sprinting and some is spent walking. This is a pie chart that shows on average what percentage of that 9-13 kilometres is spent doing: (http://www.soccerperformance.org/playertypes/physdemandsprosoccer.htm) So if we say a midfield player had run 10 kilometres in a game on average 4.6 kilometres of that would be jogging, 1.7 kilo metres of high speed running and 0.3 kilometres of sprinting. Although the have resting periods where they walking, after sprinting or running and high speeds Anaerobic power/speed Footballers require high anaerobic power and speed because although they are playing for around 90 minutes and must have high endurance but as you can see and high percentage of their time on the field they are either running at high speed or sprinting which obviously requires anaerobic power speed. Although football players
The Effects of Exercise on the Pulmonary Ventilation Rate.
The Effects of Exercise on the Pulmonary Ventilation Rate Respiration is the process that takes place in every living cell to make energy available to the body. Energy is vital for us to carry out many life processes such as movement and so respiration in essential to life. During respiration glucose and oxygen are used in a reaction that produces energy and gives out carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Glucose is obtained by digestion of food and oxygen is taken from the air during a process called breathing or ventilation. Pulmonary Ventilation is the term given to the movement of air in and out of the lungs; the rate of pulmonary ventilation is defined as the tidal volume multiplied by the number of breaths taken per minute. Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out during one cycle of quiet breathing. There are a few different factors that can affect the pulmonary ventilation rate but the most common and often most noticeable variation in pulmonary variation rate occurs during exercise. During normal quiet respiration, the average person breathes 15 times per minute. Breathing is controlled by movements in the thorax brought about by the contracting and relaxing of the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles. Upon inspiration the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles contract and the internal intercostals muscles relax, moving the ribs upwards