Body in Motion

ASSESSMENT TASK # 2: BODY IN MOTION . Describe the fitness test performed in the lab that effectively measures cardio-respiratory endurance. (5 marks) The fitness test performed in the lab that was used to effectively measure cardio-respiratory endurance was the multi-stage fitness test otherwise known as the 20 metre shuttle run or the 'beep' test. Two cones were set up twenty metres apart. The participant must move between the cones back and forth throughout the duration of the test. This test is based under the instruction of a voice on a CD. The CD may be purchased from The Australian Coaching Council / Australian Sports Commission and it is important that the tape or CD is not damaged in any way as this could affect timing of the beeps due to stretches on the CD or stretching of the cassette. The volume of the tape must also be loud so that all participants can hear it. Prior to the test participants are advised to stretch and warm up to reduce the risk of injury. Appropriate supportive clothing and footwear is to be worn to maximise safety. The voice instructs participants of what they are required to do throughout the entire duration of completing the test. At the beginning of the test the voiceover instructs when there are 20 seconds and 5 seconds until the commencement of the test and then participants must begin the test. They must reach the opposite cone

  • Word count: 3073
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Running a marathon - the best way to get fit?

Running a marathon - the best way to get fit? What can exercise do for me? Exercise does more then reduce weight, it can improve both our health and fitness, and should involve using as much of the body as possible. Exercise has two main benefits: * Short term these are the effects that happen during the activity itself and also contribute to the long term benefits e.g. the heart rate will increase, which will increase the flow and pressure of the blood. * Long term these are the lasting effects which occur and include the following: o Heart becomes bigger, stronger and capable of pumping more blood. o Lungs get more oxygen to the muscles. o Blood volume increases, therefore more oxygen can be carried. o Muscles increase in size and strength, this is called muscle hypertrophy. The muscle energy stores are also improved. This allows the muscle to work harder and longer. The cardio-vascular system, which is made up of two parts; the heart and the blood vessels, can be improved after just a few weeks of aerobic exercise. The heart responds in the same way as other muscles. This means it will get bigger and stronger, so it can pump more blood with each beat. When the body is at rest, the heart rate is lower, as the heart can pump the same amount of blood with fewer beats. As the bodily systems improve with exercise the amount of oxygen the body needs will increase.

  • Word count: 1027
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Discuss the short term and long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system, the breathing system and the muscles.

Discuss the short term and long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system, the breathing system and the muscles Exercise is defined as activity that requires physical or mental exertion especially when performed to develop or maintain fitness. During exercise, the cardiovascular system, the breathing system and the muscles work in conjunction with each other in order to perform their tasks more efficiently. A vital process of exercise is respiration. The production of energy. Principally, respiration is the breaking down of oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water and ATP (energy). However, there are two types of respiration. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and has the ability to break down both fatty acids and glucose. Anaerobic respiration takes place when there is a lack of oxygen, a lactate is formed and fatty acids cannot be broken down. In this essay I plan to explore the long and short-term effects on these different systems. The cardiovascular system involves the pulsating heart and flow of blood around the body in order to carry oxygen to the major organs including the muscles and returning the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heartbeat, the rate at which the heart pumps blood around the body, changes depending on the amount of physical activity. The average persons resting heart rate is between 60 and 70 beats per minute. However, during

  • Word count: 1721
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Human Evolution

Enrique Granados Human Evolution Ardipitecus Ramidus This is the oldest hominid found so far, he shows some physical adaptations for the jungle, many theories say that weather changed and predators forced Ardipitecus Ramidus out of the jungle. Ramidus learned friendship in order to protect each other helping to form societies because they were not adapted to live in the plains. He was an herbivore, and his physiology was designed to eat fruits and soft things. He was not design to eat meat. And food is scarce in the plains. He was structurally too slow to convert to a plain's predator. Birth rate began to decline dramatically so birth increases would require major physical changes to adapt for new kinds of food available in the plains. Now living in the plains the children were more exposed to the dangers that never faced in the forest or the jungle. Therefore the women had to spend more time caring their children and the males needed to take more care of the shores than before. Without the protection of the trees, the tribe needed a shelter from weather and predators and the customs had to change for the sake of survival. Most remains found are skull pieces dating 5.8 million years. There is no solid evidence

  • Word count: 1009
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Skeleton

The Skeleton is the name given to the collection of bones that holds the rest of our body up. Our skeleton is very important to us. It does three major jobs. . It protects our vital organs such as the brain, the heart and the lungs. 2. It gives us the shape that we have. Without our skeleton, we would just be a blob of blood and tissue on the floor. 3. It allows us to move. Because our muscles are attached to our bones, when our muscles move, they move the bones, and we move. When you were born, your skeleton had around 350 bones. By the time you become an adult, you will only have around 206 bones. This is because, as you grow, some of the bones join together to form one bone. Our bones don't simply work on their own. The bones join together to form joints. The end of each bone is covered by a tough, smooth shiny substance called cartilage. The cartilage-coated bone-ends are kept apart by a thin film of slippery fluid. All of this is so your bones won't scratch and bump against each other when you move. Our bones are held together by strong stretchy bands called ligaments They have their own nerves and blood vessels, and they do various jobs, such as storing body minerals. A typical bone has an outer layer of hard or compact bone, which is very strong, dense and tough. Inside this is a layer of spongy bone, which is like honeycomb, lighter and slightly flexible. In

  • Word count: 683
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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sports injuries.Common causes and symptoms of sports injuries for football players.

SPORTS INJURIES JEROME OKIMO BTEC National Certificate In sport And Football SPORTS INJURIES Section 1 Common causes and symptoms of sports injuries for football players. Ankle Sprain Cause - The most common cause of an ankle sprain is applying weight to the foot when it is in an inverted or everted position. Commonly, this happens while running or jumping on an uneven surface. The foot rolls in (inversion) or out (eversion) and the ligaments are stretched. Symptoms - Pain, Swelling Blisters Cause - Blisters form when the skin rubs against another surface, causing friction. First, a tear occurs within the upper layers of the skin forming a space between the layers while leaving the surface intact. Then fluid seeps into the space. The hands and feet often rub against shoes, skates, rackets, or other equipment that is usually not fitted correctly. Symptoms - pain, redness of the skin, swelling Calf Strain Cause - This injury is common in running sports that require quick acceleration of changes in direction. Symptoms - restriction of movement, bruising, swelling, pain Concussion Cause - A concussion is typically caused by a severe head trauma where the brain moves violently within the skull so that brain cells all fire at once Symptoms - Memory loss, unconsciousness, Clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose or mouth, Unequal size pupils Muscle

  • Word count: 854
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Rugby - I will be analysing the position of outside centre (positioned in the backs) and the demonstrator who I will be looking at will be Johnny Mulholland.

GCSE PE Coursework Section 1 - What sport/activity will I look at? The sport that I will be looking at will be rugby and I will be analysing the position of outside centre (positioned in the backs) and the demonstrator who I will be looking at will be Johnny Mulholland. Johnny will perform a variety of different tasks depending on his strengths are weaknesses. Section 2 - Skills, tactics and fitness components needed in the sport/activity. a) Five of the most important skills for an outside centre are: * Tackling is needed by an outside centre in rugby because a player in this position needs to break down the opposing sides attack to try and gain possession of the ball and also to prevent a try from being scored. * Side stepping is needed by an outside centre in rugby because a player in this position needs to be able to be able to move past any challenging players whilst attacking with the ball. * Kicking is needed by an outside centre in rugby because when a player in this position is backed into deep into there own half they need to be able to clear the ball quickly and accurately. * Passing is needed by an outside centre in rugby because a player in this position needs so they can offload the ball when approached by an opposing player. b) Three tactics that are used when playing rugby are: * Man marking is a good tactic to use when marking in rugby because no

  • Word count: 1408
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Anatomy and Kinetics of the body in relation to sporting application

The Anatomy and Kinetics of the body in relation to sporting application Introduction I am going to be analysing the bench press action from a anatomical standpoint looking at the structure and function of the wrist, elbow and shoulder. As well as the surrounding bone/connective tissue, ligaments, tendons, muscle type and structure and neural input in relation to the movement the joint permits when performing a bench press (see appendix 1) The main articulations involved when performing a bench press are the shoulder, elbow and wrist. The shoulder or pectoral girdle consists of articulations between the clavicle, scapula and the proximal end of the humerus. Movements at this joint are largely passive in that the occur as a result of active movements of the scapula. The glenohumeral articulation (shoulder joint) has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. The scapula is suspended on the thoracic wall by muscle forming a functional joint called the scapulothoracic joint. These muscles act to stabilize and to actively move the scapula. Active movements of the scapula help increase the range of motion of the shoulder joint. Articular cartilage cushions this joint by covering the head of the humerus and face of the glenoid. Stabilizing the joint is the labrum, a ring of fibrous cartilage surrounding the glenoid. The acromion (highest point of the shoulder) is

  • Word count: 1679
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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Appraisal of a shoulder injury.

Appraisal of a shoulder injury .Anatomy and physiology of the shoulder. The shoulder joint consists of the head of the humerus which articulates with a shallow socket in the upper part of the scapula the joint is defined as a typical ball and socket joint. A number of muscles attach and run around the joint to provide movement and stability the main structures of the shoulder can be seen in figures 1.1a and 1.1b Figures 1.1a (left) and 1.1b; (right) main structures at the shoulder joint In addition to the structures above the shoulder joint has a number of other muscles surrounding and attaching to it. These include the biceps, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and a group of muscles termed the rotator cuffs. The rotator cuffs are the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles which cross the joint to insert into the humerus, thereby also helping to stabilise the shoulder joint. The tendons from the rotator cuff surrounds the capsule and blends with it Marieb (1998). The number of muscles and their associated tendons surrounding the shoulder offer the major form of support to the joint from the anterior aspect. A further structure to offer stability to the shoulder joint is the Glenoid Labrum which is a fibrous lining to the joint and increases the depth of the socket further enclosing the head of the humerus. Tortora (1990). The head of the

  • Word count: 2707
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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What impairment requires the use of the chosen physical aids

What impairment requires the use of the chosen physical aids Our elbow is a hinge joint, which means that it can move in only one plane - like a hinge on a door. A joint is where 2 bones meet. 1 Our elbow is a hinge joint made up of the humerus which is the bone of the upper arm, the ulna which is the bone that runs from the your elbow to the tip of your pinky finger at the side of your wrist, and the radius which is the lower arm at the other side of the ulna.2 The elbow joint can be permanently damaged through frequent sports injuries such as bad sprains and fractures and through weakening of the joint caused by diseases such as osteoarthritis, which occurs when; the cartilage at the end of the bone becomes worn away. The cartilage acted as a shock absorber, without it there will be more friction and movement will be very painful. And also rheumatoid arthritis which is when the smaller joints become inflamed, tissue grows across the joint and makes movement very difficult, over time the joint can become permanently fused ands o no movement will be possible. The joint can also be damaged by excessive pressure on the surface of the joint, these damages to the joint might also destroy the cartilage, and fractured pieces of cartilage do not normally grow back. When the weakening of the elbow joint is so severe that the elbow is of very little use and is causing too much

  • Word count: 1331
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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