Sport and exercise sciences; Skeletal system and joints of the human body.

AS and A Level Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)

Level 3 diploma in sport and exercise sciences

unit 1; Task 1

Axial skeleton

The axial skeleton is the central structure of the skeleton, it consists of 80 different bones and seperated into 5 seperate sections, The skull, The ossicles which is the inner ear, The hyboid bone which is the throat, The rib cage and the vertebral column

The axial skeleton main task is to house and protect the braing, spinal cord and the vital organs of the human body.

Appendicular skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and is made up from 6 different sections which are;

The Pectoral girdles which contain the left and right clavicle and the scapula.
The arm and forearms which contain the left and right humerus which is the arm, the ulna and the radius which makes up the forearm.
The hands which are made up of 6 main bones which are the Carpal, the Metacarpal, proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, distal phalanges and the sesmoid.
The pelvis is structured by the left and right Coxae.
The thigh and leg are made up of 5 main sections which are the Femur, which is the thigh, the Tibia, the Patella and the fibula which is the leg.
The feet, which are much like the hands are made out of Tarsals, which is the ankle, the Metatarsals, the Proximal phalanges, the middle phalanged, the distal phalanges and the Sesamoid.

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Task 2

The skeletons are made out of 5 different types of bones, which are;

The long bones which are the longest in the body, they consist of such bones as the Femur, the Humerus and the Tibia, but are also some of the smallest bones within the body aswell, which are the Metacarpals, the Metatarsals and the Phalanges.
The short bones which are as wide as they are long and provide support and movement to the hands, wrist and feet, they consist of a layer of hard bone with large amounts of bone marrow inside it.
Flat bones ...

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Task 2

The skeletons are made out of 5 different types of bones, which are;

The long bones which are the longest in the body, they consist of such bones as the Femur, the Humerus and the Tibia, but are also some of the smallest bones within the body aswell, which are the Metacarpals, the Metatarsals and the Phalanges.
The short bones which are as wide as they are long and provide support and movement to the hands, wrist and feet, they consist of a layer of hard bone with large amounts of bone marrow inside it.
Flat bones which are flat plates and provide protection to the vital orangs and are used as a base for muscles to attach to, the main flat bones are the shoulder baldes, the sternum and the cranium, the ribs are also flat bones,
Irregular bones arer bones which are not symetirical and are different with everyone, the vertebrae, sacrum and the lower jaw are all formed of these irregular bones.
Sesamoid bones are short which are imbedded into a tendon, an example of this is within the patella which is the knee bone, they act as a shield of the tendon to the joints.

Task 3

The major bones of the body are;

The cranium which is the skull, and can be found within the Axial skeleton.
The mandible which is the lower jaw and is located within the Axial skeleton.
the vertebral column which is the spine and is also located in the Axial skeleton.
The Sternum which is the breasts which can be located within the appendicular skeleton
The pelvic girdle which is the pelvis and can be found in the appendicular skeleton
The fibulae which is the lower arm which consists of the appendicular skeleton
The pahalanges which are the fingers and toes and are also located within the appendicular skeleton

Task 4

There are 5 main functions of the Human skeleton and they are;

Protection- which it protects the brain and the vital organs.
Shape- which gives shape to make you tall or short.
Support- which holds you together when you are moving or playing sport.
Movement- the joints of the skeleton works with the muslces which contract and force the joints to move.
Production of blood- bone marrow of some bones produce white and red blood cells.

Unit 1-P2

Task 5+6

there are three different types of joints which are the;

Fibrous joints are joints which are held together by ligaments, examples of Fibrous joints are the teeth, which are held in place by bony sockets, there is no movement within the joint and and the bones which consist of these.
Cartilagenous joints which are the connection of circulating bones which consist of cartilage, an example of a Carilagenous joint is the vertebrae which is located within the spine, this sort of joint only offers minimal movement of this joint, an example of this is the cartilagious between the vertebrae

Task 7

Synovial joints are the most common joint within the human body, they are movable and all have surrounding capsules, some examples of synovial joints are;

Hinges which are located in the elbows and the knees which is only movable in one direction, an example of a hinge joint is within th eknee and elbow, they also have ligaments by the side of them
A Pivot joint, which is a rotation of a bone which are located at the top of the neck, the pivot joint moves by the bones rotating around an axis,
A ball and socket joint are internal and external rotational joints which are found within the hip and the shoulder, this joint has freedom of movement within all directions
Gliding joints allow for gliding movements between bones which let them slide over each other, only a limited amount of movement is allowed between the bones.
Compound joints are made up of a number of different bones, ther articulate with one another in different ways, it is the movement of the skull on the vertebral column which allows the nodding movement and the rotation of the skull on an axis