After the Olympics have finished these villages will become hosing places with environmentally friendly waste treatment and renewable energy. The site will be made up of 3,600 units and become half of this will be homes which people in the area can rent or buy.
The Olympics will have such a big effect on the area of London the site also quotes "We are working towards not only delivery of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012 but also a legacy for East London for the next 50 years."
(http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/2012olympic-park/)
Something which London is well-known for is its transport, as a business this will only get bigger due to the Olympics. Brand new roads and train lines will route to the stadium meaning extra buses, trains and trams will be required. Thousands of people will want to get their conveniently and at different times of the day so transport services will have to run at regular times, then needing a lot more drivers and ticket inspectors.
Merchandising companies such as Nike, Adidas, Asics and Reebok will all excel in terms of business. This is for the simple fact that players require special running shoes and clothing such as Lycra wear, shorts and vests. Big events can improve the reputations and sales of the merchandisers, for example, designing tops with scientific background such as the ‘Nike Pro’ tops with keep cool or keep warm fabrics. Sales can come to the correct form of promotion and following the latest trends and looks.
If a company like Nike supply the newest high tech running shoe to a team like USA in the Olympics which they currently do, it will create a huge advertisement service to people in different countries, because USA have one of the most successful running teams in the world.
Companies will also want to boost their reputation so getting the right athletes to sponsor their leisure wear and equipment will work well. They want this because it makes them masses amounts of money with sales, further more they are all global companies which advertise to millions of people world wide.
On a local scale, clubs such as Crystal Palace, Sutton and Croydon supply people in the local community with jobs. This can mean coaches, ground staff to maintain the track. Holding major events, as Crystal Palace do, it can employ further people into jobs such as ticket officers, security (stewards), umpires and officials to examine the race and record times.
These clubs give access to young children and adults wanting to take part in athletics, it also helps them to develop their techniques and express their abilities. Additionally it can produce local people into top professional athletes such as Martin Rooney who was a member at Croydon Harriers., who ran in the commonwealth games in Australia. When local clubs produce a player like this it gives the area a good reputation and attracts more players into joining that club, giving the community a good sense of well-being.
Tracks like Crystal Palace hold meetings between national and International runners, which can sometimes attract large crowds. Events like these produce extra money for the club so it can be spent building on improving the facilities and helping invest a level of coaches.
Athletics as a whole Is a big industry with lots of jobs to offer in the community. It holds many events in the sporting calendar but does not quite produce the type of media attention like Football. Due to the fact that Football is the most popular sport in UK and it is a multi-million pound business.
By London hosting the Olympics in 2012, a bigger attraction towards athletics will come about and boost its popularity rating and future development of the area, backing this up with the quotes I delivered for each of the two sports.
P1 & M1& D1-Development and Changing nature of sport
Organisations nowadays are split up into 3 categories: - Public sector provision, Private sector provision and Voluntary sector provision.
The definitions for these are:-
Public sector- Sport and leisure provision organised by local or metropolitan authorities and available to everyone in the community. It is mainly financed by local authority taxation and funding.
Private sector- Provide a service to the local population in terms of their sport and leisure interests, but they provide those facilities, programmes or activities to make profit.
Voluntary sector- Composed of thousands of small, medium and large organisations who support their own sport, their local community or their age group in pursuit of sport and recreation activities.
(B-Tec national sport, Barker; Saipe; Sutton; Tucker)
These sectors occur in our environment nowadays and show the way sport is organised and funded, including the massive popularity it encounters, however this was not the case in the olden days. Taking for example the medieval times, physical activities included the preparation of populace wars, hunting for food or to improve general physical fitness, making them fit enough to work long hard hours in the week. Peasants in this era had very little time and energy to be involved in physical activities where work was not involved on the land. Nevertheless, there were times when the village would gather on holy days and festivals to play a game of ‘Mob Football’ which was a very violent but popular game to all with very little or no rules at all, the only rules which were intact was the exclusion of murder or manslaughter, Rival villages often played each other on shrove Tuesdays. The game ‘Mob Football’ started between the 7th and 9th century.
Some reasons for the growth of Football were the improvement of transport, the growth of the railway from the 1840’s allowed people to travel around England. In addition to this Football was a cheap sport to play and could be played anywhere and in any type of condition.
The activities which were done by the ruling class as it were eventually become the sports that we know today. Taking for example hunting, this was done by the upper class as they would have had the land and the money to participate in the sport. In addition to this they also had more time available which was the complete opposite for the peasants or lower class.
In the nineteenth century the upper classes started to send their children to public schools, now referred to as independent ‘private’ schools. These schools were only exclusive to those of the upper class as they did not want to associate with the lower class and further more they could not afford it. Here is where sports really excelled, as the sporting activities which became very popular within these schools, spilled over and become the sports that we play today, such as Football and Rugby. Along with this developed innovations and refinements to the game where rules, facilities and organised way of playing the sport were placed.
The history of Football and Rugby spans from around 150 years ago. Rugby recorded its first set of written rules in 1845. They then wanted to excel from this making Rugby Football union, 18 years later in 1863. However association football did not agree with the precise rule of running with the ball in hand or hacking between players. This is when the world’s first football organisation formed; the Football association (FA-1863) to compel its own set of rules. The FA’s first cup competition was first played for in 1871 and the first football league was produced in 1888. This league consisted of 12 clubs: - Accrington Stanley, Aston Villa, Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, Burnley, Derby County, Everton, Notts. County, Preston North End, Stoke City and West Bromwich Albion. Nowadays in England, we have clubs for basically every major and minor area, Including 5 divisions for professional Football, ranging from the premiership to the conference league. This involves new cup competitions like the charity shield, LDV vans trophy and the carling cup, one trophy which still remains is the FA cup.
After the middle of the 19th century sport started to develop rapidly, one major reason which influenced the decision of people to play sports was the extra amount of leisure time available.
Relating back to an earlier date, in 1965 a working week of around 40-45 hours was typical, but in the times of today the average working week is around 37 hours. This change in working time allows more people to be involved in fitness gyms and sporting activities, like being apart of a club and training after work. It has now become a law that workers should have at least 4 weeks holiday a year, this means that people still get paid during their holiday times, something which was not even considered below the 19th century.
A lot has changed in contrast to the medieval times to current date, where by peasants in that era put all their effort, energy and time went into working and nowadays a majority of us have the spare time and energy to have a full workout at the gym. Organisation’s like the Public, Private and Voluntary sectors have made the access to leisure facilities incredibly easy for us. For example most gyms that we are members too are run by the private sector, for example Cannons, Living well and Esporta. The role that these Gym’s take on is to produce a healthy lifestyle as far too many of the population is overweight; Clubs try to attract people by targeting a reasonable price and the convenience it can bring to a member. Most gym’s now offer a one to one personal trainer to help people get fit in an effective and safe way. Something which has changed over the centuries is the knowledge of the body and how it works. In addition to this other classes which gym’s offer are aerobics, Pilates, muscle toning, calorie burning and swimming sessions. This shows the depth and knowledge which people have to improve the physical fitness on people to the current date, a huge difference to the early years of the 19th century.
People are able to access more leisure time because of their flexibility in hours for example many people work part-time (a higher percentage of women) and others on varied shifts which results to a different pattern of leisure time which is why private sector gym’s can now be open from 9:00am in the morning to 10:00pm at night.
People now have higher disposable incomes and can afford a higher standard of living, research shows that for some people 20% of their monthly wage is spent on membership to gyms. Transport is a lot more efficient for example; all gyms can be reached by a bus and are mainly situated on or by main roads. Car ownership is an ever increasing figure which allows people to get their conveniently without wasting any time on travelling.
Organisation
I have already spoke about the private sector to the current date and have identified that the 19th century had nothing like this i.e. gym facilities. The other two are the public and voluntary sectors. The voluntary sector is something which most clubs are run by, example Cricket, Hockey and Rugby Clubs. People who run these clubs have volunteered to do it and have their own leading role which they are in charge off, whether it is chairman, Finance officer or fixture secretary. There are over 150,000 voluntary sports clubs in Britain with an estimate of around 1.5 million volunteers active in British sports. The public sector is a more retro organisational way which the 19th century used to rely on to play sports; however it is still a way which is very much used to this current date. In the 1930’s more parks and recreational playing areas were provided by the council which become ever more increasing in size which allowed and encouraged more people to participate in Sport. This is still the case for sport today, in that there are many parks and recreational grounds across England which let local clubs use their facilities, attracting people to participate in sport.
Individual sports now have their own national governing body for example the ECB with Cricket, RFU with Rugby and England Hockey. These set up a structure to future talent programmes, tournaments for the senior side which then allows national viewing on T.V where media promotes the sport in a detailed way. These national governing bodies get people of all ages involved in the sport and promote a healthy lifestyle.
Funding
Sport is funded through so many way’s here are some examples, National Government grants, sponsorships, local government grants, income from spectators, membership fees, club mark awards, media fees, merchandising and lottery funds and membership fees. The main ways local clubs are funded to this day are by lottery, national and government grants, and membership fees. For example if it was a Cricket club looking for a grant it would seek the ECB for a grant. Clubs can get these by doing lots for the community i.e. providing setups for males and females at all ages, coaching scheme programmes and entering national competition’s. Clubs could also allow schools and county/regional games to be played on their facilities which boost the chance of them getting these types of grants. Funding can range from hundreds of thousands pounds to millions, depending on the future aim of people’s sport and how it wants to develop, i.e. new clubhouse. By developing the club with new facilities it can attract many new players ranging from all ages as people want to be involved in the club with the best facilities, resulting in more funding from membership fees. Another affective way of receiving extra funds is by having a club sports mark award. To get this, again a club needs to do as much as it can for the community and involve and attract kids to participating in sport. In addition to this they also need to address a club set of rules where Ethics and Values are intact, this help’s the up bringing and attitudes of youngsters.
These funding solution’s are major important to our local clubs and schools because it allows us to create a new generation of sports, for example giving equal opportunities to everyone so that know talent can be missed. It also occupies young children and takes them off the streets where they would be causing trouble in the neighbourhood. This can be effective enough that it can reduce the amount of crimes that are committed, so there is every reason why funding is so important in to local sports clubs.
Relating to Football, Funding was very different to the earlier 19th century era; very little money was produced in sports until it became professional. As the popularity of the sport was ever increasing, more and more people flooded to watch a Football match. This meant that special stadiums needed to be built, as these happened owners would charge supporters to enter the ground and a hope to attract the best players possible. ‘Broken time’ wages would go to players to make up their loss of earnings from work on that day. Many people were unhappy about this decision, mainly the upper class as they started to see the game crumble from the amateur spirit. A gentlemen’s club called ‘the Corinthians’ however refused to play for money and in cup competitions and even refused to take penalty and free-kicks as they believed know one could possibly commit a foul.
Funding is equal to all sports as Cricket, Hockey and Football clubs all get the same opportunities to develop their facilities. This is a great benefit to people as organisation’s like Sport England do not sway people’s decision’s to what sport they would rather you play by funding in it more. It gives a chance for any beginner wanting to play a sport, opportunity to do so, as a country we want to improve in all sports as much as we can.
The role of Education
Education In sport during the 1850’s and 1890’s was completely different to our way of physical education to day. For P.E lessons during this time there was know curricula or lesson plan to go by to occupy or educate the children. Children mainly did soldier training or physical training (PT) like endurance running, lifting heavy bags from one end to the other. This would be done to make Children fit enough to work and as were their many wars going on, prepare them for the physical demands these difficult times it can have upon them.
Physical Education in schools now is still developing and it is apart of the ‘Extra curriculum’ meaning that Children in all schools aged up to 16 must do an hour of PE a week. Most schools have planned lessons on what the school children shall be doing in their lessons, for example in the winter, one half of the term they shall do Rugby and the other half of the term they shall do Football. Examination, GCSE courses in PE have taken a huge preference too which many Children choose as part of their GCSE grades. For the course, Children are taught the muscles, bones of the body, health, diet and fitness. The benefits by teaching children PE in schools are so they are able to get a job within the sporting industry because they enjoy being apart of sport, if they do not take an interest in any other core subjects like Maths and Science it is a great chance to do something you enjoy so much as a proper course. If a child understands the body properly they are able to prevent any injuries and increase their own performance within the sport they play. Extra things like learning about a healthy diet and what eating junk food can do to you helps raise the awareness of young children so they start eating healthily, again it comes down to lowering the percentage rate of obesity in the UK.
Schools are being funded millions of pounds to invest in new facilities like new sports halls or all weather astro-turf pitches, adding to this schools are now turning into sports colleges whereby they get a one of payment off £100,000 and an extra £120 per pupil for the next four years of the government. This sees partnerships with other schools, the local community and with private sector sponsors.
Sport can also educate the attitudes of children for example learning the correct ethics and values for sport; sport plays an ever increasing role in the society we live in and improvement’s in local communities are always being made. By doing this in schools it assures the correct attitudes in children are bought in general life.
Influence of media and sponsorships- The impact of media and sponsorships
Media and sponsorship influence sport in a major way and they both work in tandem to produce each other’s businesses. Television companies like Sky Sports spend millions of pounds trying to gain rights to view a sporting event, For example they spent £260million to broadcast the rights of England Cricket for the next four years. Sky also makes money by showing live games on pay-per-view or Premplus, for example to order premplus for the season you can pay £50 as a one of payment or £6 a game. Other sports like boxing, when they show a big fight the cost can range from around £13-£17 depending on what day you order it on. Sky and other TV companies such as ITV and BBC contribute £1.6 billion to the Football leagues in sponsorships; if you add this and the extra money they spend trying to gain rights to exclusively show the events it adds up to around £2.6 billion. The interesting fact for this however is that 50% of this total goes to Football, these just shows by a clear margin what our most popular sport in the country is.
The rules of the game and the timings of the games are also effected by the television companies, for example for a champions league game they will broadcast it mid-week and at a peak time, which can often be quite late, this is so they can guarantee maximum viewers and not only that but they broadcast it too other countries in a different time zone so they are trying to cater for all viewers.
Extra rules have been changed and added for example a decision in Cricket can now be referred to the third umpire where he will analyse the appeal in detail like, ‘snick’o meter, Hawkeye or ultra motion cameras. Technology is playing an ever increasing role in many other sports like Rugby; a referee may often refer to another official to see if a try had been touched over the line. There advantages and disadvantages to this as it puts huge pressure on the umpires and takes away the tradition of the game. The advantages however are that you get clear and fair decision’s being made.
Sponsorships play a large role in the game as they pay large amounts of money to top players to wear their merchandise gear. For example Frank Lampard wears Adidas Football boots and is only allowed to be seen wearing them, if he were to wear another pair of boots he will be stripped of his sponsorship. Another example of sponsorship is in Cricket, the rules state that you are only allowed one logo of sponsorship per pad and glove; logos on bats are unlimited. This results in a player getting a personal sponsorship, for example Kevin Pietersen is sponsored by the drink ‘Red Bull’. Each time a player scores a 50 or a 100 a player has to show the bat logo to the crowd so he is seen promoting the brand.
Top company’s use high profiled sportsmen like David Beckham or John Terry to wear their gear because they are seen as role models to people of all ages. It is now part of a fashion and a trend to wear the latest trainers or tracksuits, people now wear trainers even though they are non-existent when it comes to sport.
Other media sources such as newspapers also promote a particular sport more so than others, for example ‘ The Independent’ covers around 3-4 large pages of Cricket which mainly targets upper class people. ‘The Sun’ and ‘The Mirror’ covers a lot of Football leaving half pages and columns for other sports. This is targeted to all readers but mainly the average worker in a trade of some sort.
Red top newspapers like ‘The Sun’ and ‘The Mirror’ often publish stories which are not true but are there aim like all newspapers is to sell as many as possible. News papers like the Guardian or The Independent are based on facts and statistics, giving views from different players. These newspapers summarise on how popular the sports are and almost attract people into getting interested in the sports.
Media generates plenty of awareness to viewers and allows them up to date information on their favourite teams, Cricket is a good example as people took a huge interest in the game during the Ashes series and was able to boost the popularity of the sport, and it was described as the ‘Ashes Fever’. A hero in the game was Andrew Flintoff and Kevin Pietersen this was helped by the media attention which they gained and everyone could identify who they were.
In the 19th century very little media and sponsorship were made the promotion of sport was relied on people travelling around the country and introducing it to new people. The only form of sponsorship was to cover people’s wages as they had time of work on Saturdays to play Football, which was mentioned in the first few paragraphs.
Bibliography
(http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/football/)
(http://www.learnhistory.org.uk/football/GCSE%20Football%20Coursework.ppt#272, 17, The Football Association – 1863)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rugby_union)
(http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/2012olympic-park/)
(BTEC National Sport book, Barker, Saipe, Sutton and Tucker)
Page 17 and 39
(http://www.yorkshiresport.org.uk/Love%20of%20the%20Sport%20FYS%20AGM/Love%20of%20the%20Sport%20FYS%20AGM.PPT#262, 6,Volunteers in Sport)
P2- Social influences that effect sport and reasons for participation and non-participation in sport
Information in handout and textbook
There are many social influences in society that restrict people from playing sport. A main example would be the culture of a person; some cultures may go against you playing some sports especially for women. For example Muslim and Hindu women are not encouraged to play sport at all because of religious reasons. However some cultures feel very highly of sport and believe in it a great deal, take for example the Australian teams, they compete in most sports and have high standards for both men and women and have proven to be very successful over the years to a current date. In addition to this all players both men and women are encouraged to do it, this may explain there great success for sports in both male and female. However the participation for males in sport still remains a lot higher than the participation from women.
Additionally, it is largely down to the fact that there is a long history of discrimination against women in sport. A popular example for sexism in sports is golf, it is alleged that some golf clubs do not allow women in their club simply because they are female.
Other reasons come down to the fact that in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century it was believed that exercise could do harm to their health and could prevent them from having children. In some opinions, having interest or taking part in sport is to be seen as an unfeminine way, therefore influencing extra dominance for males in sport.
Another reason why participation in women’s sport is not great is because nowadays it is not televised like the male sports, for example there are at least 4-5 games a week of men’s Football, shown on live television, compare this to the showing of around 10 games per year in women’s Football shown on live television.
Media sources, like newspapers and magazines influences women sport but in the wrong context, subjecting to their looks and appearance rather than their success and achievements. A good example for this is Anna Kournikova she has achieved very little in terms of the competition’s she has won on the International circuit but has still managed to promote herself, modelling big name brands and sponsorships, earning high amounts.
One other issue which continues to cause unease is the difference in prize money between men and women’s tennis, some believe it should be equal, but other feel that this is correct as men play 2 more sets than the women. Although both genders give it their all in competition, it could come down to a case that men play more sets as they tend to be more physical in sports, due to the testosterone levels, Something which the female body does not produce. This may be another reason why male sports are favoured more than women’s sport.
Regardless of this, women’s participation is certainly increasing and more interest is being attended to health and fitness matters. This is due to the fact that there are certain club’s which offer women only sessions and they are informed of the great benefits which exercise can bring upon the body; this makes people far more comfortable with exercising. Women now participate in sports such as Rugby and Cricket, getting some acknowledgment as they are also doing well in the sports representing the country. For example the England women’s team also won the ashes a couple weeks after the men’s team, winning this will boost the popularity for women in Cricket and raise the awareness of spectators and viewers.
Other social influences include race, social class, economic status and disability.
Race issues concern people by stereotypical views, for example Black people cannot swim or white sprinters are not as quick as black sprinters. This certainly is not the case as it comes down to the countries most popular sports, meaning that countries like the West Indies and Africa do not have a tradition of participating in Swimming as a sport. Other issues concerning race may include things like the clubs environment, for example if a Cricket club is predominantly white or black or Asian, it may reduce the persons of the opposite race to be less confidence to become a member at the club.
Sports like Cricket again have a stereotypical view about them, being noticed as a sport for the upper class. This is definitely not the case as nowadays the professional players come from all different backgrounds and social classes. People in sport for both genders now have access to equipment and facilities regardless of their upbringing and class status, which defeats the point for it being for the upper class.
Economic status relates to the social class very similarly, for example Golf. It is suggested that Golf club’s raise prices to keep it at a higher class and for the rich. This then leads to stopping the middle and lower class because joining the clubs because the prices are too high.
Disability in sport has changed massively over the years and they now adapt most sports for those who are disabled, which is an extraordinary thing to do as it gives people regardless of their physical health, equal opportunities. For example they now have an event called the Paralympics; this is an excellent opportunity for those who are disabled to show how tough they are mentally and delivers extra spirit and dimension to the sports. Another sport is Cricket; they have adapted this for blind people exceptionally well by putting 3 ball bearings in the ball and making the ball at a football size, so it is easier to hit. Health and fitness clubs now also supply facilities for the disabled, for example, ramps, lifts and wide gangways and give them a special time slot when they can only use the facilities.
M2
D2-Critically analyse the barriers to participation in sport, providing recommendations for future action plan
From my table above I have gathered the most important factors that restrict people from participating in sport and I will now give recommendations on how they can improve their fitness levels, participation and their accessibility to resources and equipment.
Time management
If people say they do not have time or cannot be bothered they more or likely have no encouragement or enthusiasm to start. I would recommend that they should start by calling around to fitness clubs or a sports club for whatever sport they have a slight interest in.
Calling a fitness club will be hugely beneficial as they may start by sending a welcome pack to show what facilities and sessions they have available, which may influence your decision to join. In addition to this they may ask if you would like a free trial at the gym to use the equipment and taster sessions, for example aerobic classes. If you still are not sure on whether to join, most gym’s offer a personal instructor, so if you are low in confidence about going, being on your own or are still not sure on how to use the equipment, a personal instructor can show you how to do all of this so that they are used in a way, which will be most beneficial to your body. Further more so, they can design a fitness programme for you so that you are clear on your fitness regimes and the intensity levels you should work at. Most importantly it will give you an aim and an exercise timetable so you know what days to attend the gym to reach your personal goals. In the result of this it should then influence and change your decision on the way you go about exercise.
Joining a fitness club will be similar to joining a sports club, you will need to make phone calls to the captains to find out training nights and he will tell you good information on how the club runs and what their playing level is like. If you have a friend that plays for a club this will be a key opportunity for you to go along with him/her and participate in a sport to get fit, healthy and most of all something which you will enjoy.
Resources
Too make resources more accessible to people they should require a bus service which goes directly too and from the sports club or fitness centres, which only stops once or twice on its journey to save time. It should also be at a time when the majority of people can participate with a time that does not finish to late, allowing time to get home. All local communities should advertise local clubs and training sessions which are run voluntarily or are funded by national governing bodies or sponsorships, so that it reduces costs or fees for those who cannot afford it.
Fitness ability
If a person is very low in confidence and self-esteem I would recommend that he/she joins a gym where they do one-to-one sessions in a private fitness room or classes that are specifically for men or just for women. This should gradually build confidence and self-esteem then working towards mixed gender classes and exercising in normal public hours. If a participant is successful in doing this and have improved their fitness levels they could then join a club in a sport of their own choice. Not only will this continue fitness levels, but will learn to interact with people during sport so they become more extrovert.
Access
If a person struggles financially he may be able to get discounted prices on membership fees or training courses. For example, most voluntary sports clubs offer discounted prices for those who are unemployed or are students, i.e. people at university or college. Prices can be halved from £120 to £60, so this makes it much cheaper for those who struggle financially. If the prices are still too high they can attend courses which are paid for by national governing bodies, organisations or seek a small sponsorship to pay for them.
If a person works shifts they will have to plan their exercise accordingly for example when they get spare time on some weekday’s and weekends, it will have to be fitted in during this time. It may require some sort of timetable or training programme to know what days and what exercises they have to do per week.
Racial discrimination is another issue which effects participation in sport considerably, for example golf, a majority of members are white. This may cause the person of the opposite race to feel uncomfortable therefore not wanting to be a member of the club. My suggestions would be to join a club which it has mixed cultures as there will be some about. Further more so, you could invite a group of friend’s to play with each time you go, who is the same race. This may put you at ease as you will not be the only person of that race.
Health problems
If a person is slightly overweight they may be embarrassed to join a gym or sports club because they are too embarrassed with the way they look. There is a positive solution for this as there are organisations for people who are overweight, i.e. weight watchers’. There will be a considerable amount of people with the same problem wanting to loose weight and be able to feel comfortable about themselves. So joining this will build their confidence, helping them loose weight at the same time. After this they may have enough confidence to workout on their own according, to get fitter and build more confidence.