The above statistics as implied are of paid workforce but; a usually unseen workforce lies beneath this figure, uncounted. This is the unpaid or otherwise known as the voluntary workforce is also in place. This improves the significance of the sports industry if we count the value of this workforce. The voluntary workforce in 1999 was valued at a whopping £15,555,000,000, this if paid would contribute 15% to the British economy resources associated with sport. This makes the voluntary sector a massive industry if paid £8.31 per hour worked, total voluntary hours account at 187,190,007.
Here I will show how this affects my chosen sports:
Tennis
The value of volunteer work in tennis remains strong, this indicates that the voluntary sector has a strong hold on the sport of tennis and that it is a vital element in the games overall development. If we see the amount of hours volunteers spend in doing things for tennis and compare it to the money they would have we can see that the industry is saving between £17.9 - £35.4 million if paid on an hourly wage of £4.20 - £8.31.
Rugby
The value of volunteer work in Rugby is strong, this indicates that the voluntary sector has a strong hold on the sport of Rugby and that it is vital element in the games overall development. If we see the amount of hours volunteers spend in doing things for rugby and compare it to the money they would have we can see that the industry is saving between £30.7 - £60.8 million if paid an hourly wage of £4.20 - £8.31.
Here are the employment figures for the sport of rugby from The Rugby House, Rugby road Twickenham was founded 26th January 1871, consists of the following players:
- Pre-teen male players: 264000
- Pre-teen female players: 0
- Teen male players: 96000
- Teem female players: 2000
- Senior male players: 174000
- Senior female players: 5261
- Total male players: 634000
- Total female players: 7261
- Number of registered players: 634460
- Number of referees: 5000
Here is the combined figures:
Evaluating this data shows me that Rugby has more voluntary work donated to it than Tennis. This still is not the sport that has the most volunteers donated to it: Football has the most voluntary hours donated to it, it has 235,477 hours donated to it. but, Volunteer hours are higher in Bowls; this is because this game is played predominantly by the elderly, so they have more hours to donate to this cause, despite being fewer in numbers. The trend I can see is that the popular the sport the more volunteers donated to it, so the larger the saving it makes in its workforce.
These volunteers that are provided are found at different clubs and other areas such as that, they provide around 90% of the total volunteer hours. Locally if volunteers were required for games they would go to wither the Thanet Wanderers or the Margate Lawn Tennis Club.
Participation Statistics
It is impossible to provide participation data for every sport and physical recreation activity, the list would be endlessly enormous. But what I have done is extracted information from the ONS websites document ‘General Household Survey’ this has a section which looks at participation of sport, this information is restricted so the latest figures accessible are that of 1996.
If we look at people taking part in sports we can see it evidently that in 1996 81.4% of people took part in a sporting activity, this figure was derived from a years worth of statistics. If we look at regular participation trends than we can see that 63% of people regularly exercise in a 4 week period. Out of which men are more likely to participate in a sport regularly; men 63.6% and women 57.5%.
A good indicator of participation into sport can be derived from the membership statistics of clubs. There are 150000 sports clubs operating in the industry, covering a wide range of sporting and recreational activities; as we can see in the next page.
A good contributory factor to participation trends is the fact that participating in certain sports are sociable. There are many advantages from participating in sports apart from the ones that favour the industry:
- Taking part in sports of any kind improve on overall fitness.
- When someone is taking part in sports they are less likely to contribute highly in any sort of anti-social habits or behaviour
- The participant will notice an improved quality of life
The advantages for the industry from a social perceptive is that; when a sports complex is made it will not only be a place for people to come and socialise and use for sports but it will open avenues for the use of that complex. So it will be a ‘win win’ situation for the investor in the long run.
Sports in general provide a positive drive for competitiveness, this is very good in most cases but as observed in history sometimes this positive drive becomes a political nightmare where anarchists sometimes influence the crowds.
Overall the social benefits are very real and present this, trend is definitely one that can be built upon.
Tennis
Tennis is the most popular adult racket sport, with 2% regularly participating, by males and females combined; males = 2.4% and females = 1.7%. This information is for a set period of 4 weeks. Annual figure for participation of Tennis for males and females is 7.1%.
24% of adults show an interest in this sport, making this the fifth most popular spectator sport. There has been a slow decline in the number of participants is due to changing trends, and may be a result of loss of interest, lack of time or the preference to participate in a healthier sport.
- 1%of adults pay to watch a live tennis game
- 11 million adults enjoy watching tennis on TV
Rugby
Rugby is a popular ball sport, with 0.6% regularly participating, by males and females combined; males = 1.2% and females = 0%. This information is for a set period of 4 weeks. Annual figure for participation of Tennis for males and females is 1.3%.
Looking at both of these together shows that the participation trend is higher for tennis. This could be because tennis is an easier sport in the aspect that it does not require hours of rigorous training and end with countless minor bruising; as some games of rugby do. Despite Tennis being the sport with higher participation numbers it is still not the highest Participating sport, this is Walking. Walking is seen to be the most popular sporting activity; 49% male participants and 40.8% female participants, combined 44.5% in a 4 week period. Annual participation is at 68.2% combined. This could be due to the fact that walking is a practical day to day activity that required little training and gives good results. The cost of walking is minimal. The trend I have seen is clear that the more cost involved in the activity the less the participation trend. This can be reversed if the costs are reduced.
For the participation of sports or activities there are clubs and arenas, it is estimated that there are 150,000 clubs covering a wide range of activities and sports.
A list of the clubs can be found below for the local and near Tennis and Rugby clubs, this is in the Organisation section.
Trends
Trends in the sports industry are very influential, they are similar to fashions they can and do change rapidly, the ability to identify and to adapt to these changes is a needed ability. For example the following following trends are typical:
- Sporting activities with increasing participation
- Sporting activities with decreasing participation
- Changing expectations of participants
- Changing expectations of spectators
-
Changing market trends
- Technological developments
-
Fashions influence
These all are day to day changes that are the reasons why the sports industry is changing daily
General trends in participation that are being recorded are that; there has been a steady increase in sports since 1960, this is now being saturated. The focus of the incline is now personal fitness, as before it was competitive sport. the factors that have concluded to this trend development can be: the fact that people are living unhealthier lives - due to the in home markets available and the personal transports available, also the fact that they are unable for many reasons to commit themselves to a team of sport for a fixed time weekly, monthly or frequently.
This trend has been identified and used by gyms in the private sector who have developed many gyms in many areas. They offer private spaces with a little personal entertainment like a TV or radio for people to privately exercise,
Participation in sports by women is a major factor, predominantly sports was seen as a masculine activity, now this has all changed. The market is trying to introduce the activities that women want to do as well as include women in the running activities it has. Introduction of personal enjoyment and satisfaction activities such as Yoga and Aerobics are now parts of many clubs and there are also many clubs dedicated to these type of activities.
Trends have been influential in the running of the sports industry since the beginning, because if trends are not identified and used to the advantage then they can become disadvantages
Financial Implications
As the ITF is a non-profit making organisation all of its money can go into the sport of tennis, as the audience size increases so the revenue. So this organisation is able to focus all of its resources into programmes such as, STI, the School Tennis Initiative. This was launched in 1996 to promote this sport in schools and mini-tennis into primary schools. The aim is to introduce the sport of tennis and mini-tennis into the curriculum.
Sponsorship of tennis
British Tennis receives support from several corporate sponsors, who enjoy a range of benefits from investing into the sport.
Sponsors are received from the following:
Aerial, DFS, Hastings Direct, Marsh, Nestle,
Robinsons, Samsung, Amerada Hess Limited,
Barclays Corporate, BT, Direct Line Group,
Lazard, Linklaters, Mercedes Benz, Morgan
Stanley
and a lot more…
The Organisation and Funding of Sports
All things in this world require some kind of funding from charities to the richest of companies, similarly the sports industry requires a level of funding comparatively.
Each sport has its own unique method of raising funds for its prosperity, here are a few general ideas on fundraising. These are the major sources of funding for the sports industry:
- Grant Aid
- Sponsorship
- Charges for activities
- Membership Fees
- Charges for Spectators
- Merchandise
- Fees for Media Coverage
Funding and Organisation at the international level is controlled and monitored by the International Sports Federation. Below I will show how a sport event should be organised according to the IFS
Funding and Organisation at a national level has been recently been over-seen by the government whereas previously it was all left to volunteers.
The Organisation of tennis
At international levels tennis is governed by the three bodies, the ITF, ATP and WTA. These organisations are international:
- International Tennis Foundation
- Association of Tennis Professional
- Women’s Tennis Association
The ITF was formed in 1913 its jurisdictions include the following factors:
- Administering the Rules of Tennis
- Organising international competitions
- Structuring tennis by sanctions
- Funding a varieties of tennis initiatives
This means that the ITF is responsible for technical specifications for courts and equipment, the Grand Slam events, the Davis Cup and the Federation Cup, the sanctioning of international circuits and events like the ITF Junior World Ranking Circuits and ITF Veterans Events, the funding of the worldwide Development Programme.
ITF is one of the largest sports federations it represents five regional associations and 200 national associations.
ATP organise men’s professional tennis and the WTA organise women’s professional tennis. These organisations exclude the ***.
At the national level the LTA organise and govern the British sport, this is a chart to show this in progress:
LTA coaching awards structure
The Regional and Local level of tennis is channels from county offices of the LTA as there does not seem to be a specific organisation that aims to govern the regional and local level as of yet. The aim of this is to provide an infrastructure for the development of tennis at the local level and to its affiliated 2,386 clubs.
Tennis is played at secondary schools in my local area. There are several Tennis Clubs in the county that I live in here is a short list of the clubs there are in the local county:
- Walmer Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club
Archery Square Walmer
Deal Kent
- Headcorn Cricket & Tennis Club
The Pavilion Lenham Rd Headcorn
Ashford Kent
- Bexley Tennis & Squash Club
Parkhurst Rd
Bexley Kent
- Bearsted & Thurnham Lawn Tennis Club
The Landway Bearsted
Maidstone Kent
- Otford Tennis Club
32, High St Otford
Sevenoaks Kent
- Appeti Tennis
P.O Box 838,Canterbury
Canterbury Kent
- Margate Lawn Tennis Club
Tivoli Park Avenue
Margate Kent
- Broadstairs & St. Peters Lawn Tennis Club
- Recreation Ground Callis Court Rd
Eastbourne Tennis Club is at the national level.
Wimbledon Tennis Club is known all over the world as the Tennis capital in the UK.
The Organisation of Rugby Union
The international governing body of rugby is the IRB the International Rugby Board (www.irb.com). This organisation was formed in 1883, from the head quarters in Dublin, Ireland. This governs all of the rules in the game of rugby.
Below is a diagram showing the structure of the levels of rugby.
International
Professional
Semi-Professional (lower league)
Amateur Grassroots (school)
The National level of governing body in the UK is the RFU, the Rugby Football Union was formed in 1871. This body legislates the game of rugby as played in the UK under the IRB.
The local level of Rugby is controlled by the RFU. Rugby is also a school sport it generally starts at the secondary school level where it is introduced into the PE lessons, if the children then want to further their careers in the sports the school have to affiliate with the local Unions.
Rugby is taught in the following schools:
- Charles Dickens
- Chatham House Grammar School
- Dane Court Grammar School
- Hereson Secondary School
- Hartsdown Technology College
- King Ethelbert’s Secondary School
- Ramsgate Secondary School
- St.Lawrence College
Thanet Wanderers is a rugby club in the area of Thanet, this is situated in St Peters. Thanet Wanderers are in the London league division 1, they are responsible for running the grassroots rugby for the under 7’s.
Thanet Wanderers play in the local playing fields for their practices, one of their popular playing fields are the St peters playing fields, St Peters Recreational Ground.
Funding and Commercialisation of Sports
A commercial approach to tennis was begun in 1968 when it was decided by the authorities, that professional players are allowed into the main competitors. From this point onwards the likes of Rod Laver who had previously turned professional, returned to the amateurish tennis scene and soon disappeared from the highest level of the game.
The Wimbledon tennis championships provide the main source of income for the LTA and the All England Tennis Club, this income is generated from media rights and spectator fees. The more recent form of income is corporate hospitality. Here is a chart to show what the percentage of the figure is:
The LTA is a non-profit making organisation, a significant number of its income is re-invested in the game at grassroots level as part of training and coaching initiative and facility development.
Tennis is a very popular sport in the UK as I have stated earlier it is the 5th most popular spectator sport, so for a company to sponsor it will be in its benefit as this will be a live advertisement. There are 34 high profile companies that sponsor this sports I will illustrate one of these companies here:
Rugby Clubs have many methods of generating income, this can include spectator fees for those who have privately owned grounds and membership fees from players. The club I will be focussing on is the Thanet Wanderers Club located in the Thanet area.
The Thanet Wanderers charge a £15 per player per annum membership fee, they also have other methods of income such as sponsorship, they are sponsored by many companies and a few of them are:
- Thorley Taverns
- Barnes and Marlsland Solicitors
- Hotel Deville
Some of the teams go and individually find their own sponsors to sponsor their team, this happens for the younger age groups.
The Mass Media and Sports
The media is an excellent method of either promoting something or demoting something very quickly, this is because media is a broad term that includes TV, Radio and the internet in one term. In this day and age most people have access to a source of media in their homes. The term mass media is simply more than one form of media.
Rugby has a great foothold on the media market, as it is extremely popular. Everyone and anyone knows when it is on when it is on, the adverts and scores are plastered all over the media. Most of the avenues have been carefully been covered, the sports information is available on the radio, WAP, TXT messaging services are available. Below I will annex a few examples of media cuttings I have taken from the last rugby season:
- Northampton striving for final immortality
- There were big, big performances
- Welsh glad to attain harmony over future
The six nations games are all usually shown by the BBC unless England is playing, the rights for England to play are all given to BskyB.
Rugby has been influenced by the media and has advanced since then, they have added the following facilities to their gaming:
- TV Video replays to show decisions
This has been done for the spectators and the commentary that is available, during and after certain moves.
- Referees have microphones
Referees have now got microphones, this is so that everyone can hear what the referee is saying, this reduces the chance of someone not hearing a referees decision.
- The sponsorship on the pitch has increased.
- Rotation boards have been added.
The advertisements are highly visible and will highly promote any product or service that is seen in such a wide range.
- The sponsorship on players shirts have become common.
Players shirts are almost becoming the leisurely fashion as almost 42% of sportswear sales are for leisure wear.
Tennis has also got a good foothold in the media market as it is the 5th most popular spectator sport in the UK, its very hard to miss a glimpse of any game when it is on or to hear about it on any radio station. Below I will annex a few examples of media I have taken from several media sources:
- WORLD TEAM CUP RESULTS 2003
- WTA STRASBOURG INTERNATIONAL RESULTS 2003
The sponsorship of individual players, have become a trend and is a good way of funding themselves. For example the player Tim Henman, he is sponsored by the sportswear company Addidas and the bank HSBC. This information can be found on his shirt.
The media is extremely important to the two sports I have chosen as the media is charged to broadcast the games, this brings revenue into the sports, without this the sports may not be as famous and not be as prosperous.
Since the media has been advancing they have increased media coverage of tournaments, radio coverage has increased. This makes listening to the radio portable. BBC have the rights to broadcast Wimbledon games.
The changes that have been brought into the game of tennis are as follows since the media advancements:
- Centre court games are shown first
- If rain stops games they are transferred indoors
- Players now wear sponsored clothing that is covered by the media
Also the media need the sports as people are interested in the sport and require a reason to buy the newspaper, if the paper is not providing the required article the buyer may buy another paper. So the newspapers require these type of events to improve sales figures, hence increasing overall revenue. The same applies to the other types of media.
Major Trends in Sports
The two sports that I chose in this assignment were Rugby Union and Tennis. I will now identify and explain a major trend for each of these two sports.
Rugby Union
Rugby is a game that is meant to be full contact, where there are two teams competing to get an oval shaped ball across the field past the goal line, the recent trend is to be wearing padding whereas previously players did not wear padding. Sponsorship of individual players is also becoming more and more popular as companies require live advertisements.
Players are now being paid enough to just about make a living from just playing rugby, this can be a result of combined sponsorship and payment, as previously this was purely voluntary.
Tennis
Tennis is a game where 2 players stand on opposite sides of a court and hit a ball over the net to each other with the aim of the opposing player to miss the ball, the recent trend is to use a better designed racket made out of light and strong material, graphite rackets. There is also a trend in the women’s tennis where the clothes the women are wearing are figure hugging, this is supposed to increase spectator viewing.
Sports clothing has been increased since the media has emphasised on sport. 52% of the population now buy sportswear, this is because they are influenced by the media’s portrayal of the sports “stars”. Only 10% of the buyers are using the sports clothing for actual sporting activities.
Annex
Information received from the internet
WORLD TEAM CUP RESULTS 2003
Dusseldorf
RED GROUP
Czech Republic beat Australia 2-1
(Australian names first)
Lleyton Hewitt beat Jiri Novak 6-3 6-2
Wayne Arthurs lost to Radek Stepanek 7-6 (7-1) 6-3
L.Hewitt/W.Arthurs lost to& J.Novak/R.Stepanek 6-4 6-4
USA beat Spain 2-1
(American names first)
James Blake lost to Carlos Moya 7-6 (7-2) 7-5
Todd Martin beat Alex Corretja 6-3 6-4
J.Blake/M.Fish beat A.Corretja/F.Vicente 6-2 7-6 (11-9)
Australia beat United States 3-0
(Australian names first)
Lleyton Hewitt beat James Blake 6-3 6-3
Wayne Arthurs beat Todd Martin 7-6 (7-4) 7-5
W.Arthurs/T.Reid beat M.Fish/G.Oliver 6-4 6-2
Czech Republic beat Spain 2-1
(Spanish names first)
Alex Corretja beat Radek Stepanek 6-4 6-4
Carlos Moya lost to Jiri Novak 6-4 6-7 (5-7) 2-6
C.Moya/A.Corretja lost to R.Stepanek/J.Novak 3-6 4-6
BLUE GROUP
Chile beat Germany 2-1
(German names first)
Lars Burgsmueller lost to Fernando Gonzalez 4-6 6-7 (6-8)
Tomas Behrend beat Marcelo Rios 3-6 7-5 7-6 (7-2)
R.Schuettler/M.Kohlmann lost to F.Gonzalez/N.Massu 6-1 2-6 0-6
Argentina beat Sweden 3-0
(Argentinian names first)
David Nalbandian beat Jonas Bjorkman 6-2 6-2
Gaston Gaudio beat Thomas Enqvist 4-6 6-4 7-6 (7-4)
D.Nalbandian/LArnold beat T.Enqvist/J.Bjorkman 6-7 (2-7) 7-6 (7-4) 6-2
Argentina beat Germany 3-0
(Argentinian names first)
David Nalbandian beat Rainer Schuettler 6-4 7-5
Gaston Gaudio beat Tomas Behrend 6-2 6-4
L.Arnold/D.Nalbandian beat L.Burgsmuller/M.Kohlmann 6-2 0-6 6-2
Chile beat Sweden 3-0
(Chilean names first)
Nicolas Massu beat Thomas Enqvist 6-2 6-3
Fernando Gonzalez beat Magnus Norman 6-2 6-3
N.Massu/F.Gonzalez beat J.Bjorkman/M.Norman 6-4 6-2
Source is
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WTA STRASBOURG INTERNATIONAL RESULTS 2003
Strasbourg, France
Quarter Finals
6-V Zvonareva (Rus) bt M Bartoli (Fra) 6-1 6-2
Second round
M Matevzic (Svk) bt L Granville (US) 6-3 6-3
7-S F Elia (Ita) bt A Barna (Ger) 6-3 7-5
6-V Zvonareva (Rus) bt T Pisnik (Svk) 6-1 6-0
K Sprem (Cro) bt 1-J Dokic (Yug) 7-5 1-6 6-3
E Loit (Fra) bt M-G Mikaelian (Swi) 4-6 6-4 6-4
2-A Myskina (Rus) bt C Morariu (US) 6-3 7-7 (7-4)
A Harkleroad (US) bt 8-E Likhovtseva (Rus) 6-3 5-0 Ret.
M Bartoli (Fra) bt L Krasnoroutskaya (Rus) 7-6 (7-3) 3-6 7-5
First round
K Sprem (Cro) bt T Golovin (Fra) 6-4 1-6 6-4
C Morariu (US) bt I Benesova (Cze) 3-6 6-1 7-5
M-G Mikaelian (Swi) bt D Randirantefy (Mad) 6-4 6-7 (3-7) 6-4
7-S F Elia (Ita) bt C Yoon-jeong (SK) 6-3 6-1
M Bartoli (Fra) bt C Beigbeder (Fra) 7-6 (7-3) 6-1
A Harkleroad (US) bt E Callens (Bel) 6-2 7-5
L Krasnoroutskaya (Rus) bt 4-E Daniilidou (Gre) 6-3 3-6 6-3
T Pisnik (Svk) bt J Kostanic (Cro) 7-5 6-0
6-V Zvonareva (Rus) bt V Razzano (Fra) 6-0 6-4
M Matevzic (Svk) bt 5-Y Bovina (Rus) 6-3 6-4
L Granville (US) bt V Nemeth (Cze) 6-4 6-4
8-E Likhovtseva (Rus) bt J Kruger (SA) 7-5 6-4
A Barna (Ger) bt I Bensova (Cze) 6-3 6-4
E Loit (Fra) bt 3-E Dementieva (Rus) 6-3 2-6 6-3
Source is
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