Long bones are cylindrical in shape. They are for production and storage of blood and calcium. They are also used in movement. Long bones are appendicular bones such as: the femur, tibia, ulna and humerus.
Short bones are compact in shape and often be an equal length and width. They are designed to be weight bearing and highly mobile. Examples of short bones are carpals (hands) and tarsals (feet).
Bones like the sternum, ribs, cranium and scapula (pictured left)are all flat bones they provide protection for the body. They are strong flat plates that also provide a base for muscle attachment.
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php
The structure of a long bone is split into three parts. The middle is called the Diaphysis, the top end is the Proximal epiphysis and the bottom part is called the Distal epiphysis. Cartilage called articular cartilage can be found at either end of the bone. Periosteum, a membrane that contains osteoblasts and osteocytes covers the outside of the bone. Within the bone you will find the medullary cavity, this is hollow in the middle. This cavity contains bone marrow which produces red blood cells. The Epiphysis line produces more bone tissue so the bone can grow longer.
There are two different types of bone tissue: compact and spongy.
Compact tissue tends to be very hard; it doesn’t bend and is able to transmit movement.
However spongy tissue is softer, it’s able to withstand impact force. It is found on short and flat bones.
Joints can be placed into three classes fixed joints (synartrodial), cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrodial) and synovial joints (diarthrodial).
Fixed joints have no movement what so ever. They are very strong and have tough tissue called fibrous tissue that lies between the ends of the bone, which are joined together (class PowerPoint. Joints in action). Examples of these joints are the sutures in the skull and the joint in the ankle.
Cartilaginous joints are bones that are joined by cartilage. These bones do have slight movement. The ends of the bone that are covered in Articular or Hyaline cartilage are separated by pads of white Fibrocartilage. Movement is only made possibly because the pads cartilage compress. (Class PowerPoint. Joints in action).
Synovial joints are free moving. These are usually shown by the presence of a joint capsule and cavity as shown in the picture below.
The synovial joint is subdivided further into movement possibilities; these are decided by how the bony surfaces for the joint.
The five types of synovial joints are:
The ball and socket joint, this is found in the hip or the shoulder. This joint allows complete freedom in movement. It has more freedom than any other joint.
The hinge joint, this is found at the knee or elbow. These joints offer ease in movement but only along one plane.
The pivot joint is found at the neck and in the forearms. In the pivot joint one bone spin round on another bone.
The condyloid & saddle joint can be found in the thumb. One of these is a concave shape and the other a convex. They move round each other in a flowing movement.
And finally gliding joints, these are found in tarsals and carpals. These joint give lots of flexible movements but not much distance in movement. They can move in many directions and rotate.
Examples of using these joints in sport would be:
Ball and socket joint – the flexion and extension of the leg to kick a ball in football.
Hinge joint – the flexion of the knees when a gymnast makes a landing.
Pivot joint – the rotation of the arm when a bowler throws the cricket ball.
Condlyloid and saddle joint – would be used in the throwing of a dart in a game of darts.
Gliding joint – the movement of the wrist when throwing a bowling ball is a use of the gliding joints in your hands.
Types of Synovial joints movement range are:
Flexion - is a bending movement around a joint in a limb that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb joint. E.g. like the knee or elbow.
Extension – the act of straightening or extending a limb.
Plantar flexion - movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes down towards the sole.
Dorsi flexion – movement of the foot or toes in an upwards direction.
Abduction - the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. For example abduction for both legs spreads the legs.
Adduction - movement of a limb towards the midline of the body. For example adductor muscles of the legs pull them towards the midline of the body sp the legs are closer together.
Circumduction - it is a combination of extension, flexion, abduction and adduction. An example of movement would be the motion of a bone whose head articulates with a cavity.
Rotation – internal rotation (or medial rotation) of the hip or shoulder would point the toes or the flexed forearm inwards (towards the midline). External rotation (or lateral rotation) is the opposite. It would turn the toes of flexed forearm outward (away from the midline).
Pronation – a rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an upwards facing position to a downward facing position.
Supination – the opposite of pronation. A rotation of the forearm that the palm from a facing down position to a facing upwards position.
Eversion – the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.
Inversion – the movement of the sole towards the median plane.
To begin this task I first looked at the importance of the different types of bpnes in the skeletal system and understand how they are adapted to the functions that the skeleton provides such as: support, protection, movement and the production and storage of red blood cells and other essential tissue fluids. I was able to identify how the skeleton is split into two types of skeleton: the Axial skeleton and the Appendicular skeleton and I then could identify how they work in unison to provide the body with a frame and therefore protection for vital organs.
Then after identifying the five different bone types I was able to understand how the structure of the bone and the "sponginess" of the bone is adapted to its function: i.e. the short bones are designed for weight bearing and high mobility whereas the long bones are designed for the production and storage of bone marrow and other minerals.
After understanding the importance of bone structure for its function I was then better able to expand and clearly understand my knowledge of the relationship between bones and the complementary type of joint in providing an appropriate means of movement. The different types of joints and their variety of movement therefore are essential for the participation of sports. As there is a wide demand for various, simultaneously movements in sports a wide range of bone types coupled with the appropriate joint movements are essential.
Bibliography
http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html#what
http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/30
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10323
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_bones.php
http://www.ericlarmann.com/Images/pass.jpg 31/10/2011
http://search.babylon.com/?q=basket+ball+shot&s=img&babsrc=home
http://search.babylon.com/?q=goalie+save&s=img&babsrc=home
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/gliding_joint.shtml
Class PowerPoint. Joints in action
Class notes 13/9/2011
Contents
Pg 1 introduction and brief skeletal system
Pg 2 axial and appendicular skeleton brief (cranium)
Pg 3 structure of axial skeleton continued. (Vertebral column)
Pg 4 structure of axial skeleton continued. (Thorax)
Pg 5 structure of the Appendicular skeleton. (Long bones)
Pg 6 structure of the Appendicular skeleton. (Short and Irregular bones)
Pg 7 structure of the Appendicular skeleton. (sesamoid bones and structure of a long bone )
Pg 8 classifications of joints. (Fixed joints and slightly movable joints)
Pg 9 classifications of joints (synovial joints and synovial sub classes)
Pg 10 classifications of joints (synovial joints and synovial sub classes continued)
Pg 11 examples of joints in sport.
Pg 12 range of movement within synovial joints.
Pg 13 range of movement within synovial joints continued.
Pg 14 range of movement within synovial joints continued.
Pg 15 range of movement within synovial joints continued.
Pg 15 conclusion.
Pg 16 bibliography.
