* Intrinsic feedback is used when a player looks to improve their play. It is feedback from
within the player to themself.
* Extrinsic feedback comes from outside the player from someone watching or guiding
them such as a coach or friend.
* Terminal feedback is used for building motivation or confidence as it is used before or
after the action is performed. This is also commonly used in analysis of performances.
* Concurrent feedback is given during the action to keep the player in a right frame of
mind to perform, usually extrinsic. A common example is a coach on the sideline
shouting information on the players performance and telling them how to improve it or
maintain it.
* Knowledge of results is the knowledge gained through feedback either external or
internal about their performance and technique, a key step in to analysing and learning to
improve the performance.
* Knowledge of performance are results which are given to the performer which then can
be analysed and compared to previous performances.
Feedback is used commonly in the learning phases of performance, it is used to analyse
performances and help performers maximise their skills and development.
"Learning is a more or less permanent change in performance brought about by experience"
(Knapp, 1973)
The first stage of learning is the cognitive phase and is aimed for beginners. The learner
gets initail ideas on how to perform a skill by gathering information such as watching a
demonstration. Then the next step is to attempt to perform the skill by themself. After, the
person guiding them will give them extrinsic feedback to encourage them or to tell them how to
improve. The feedback should mostly be positive at this stage to keep the performer
enthusiastic however with little negative so they know what area to work on in the future.
The second stage is the associative phase where the learner will continue to practise the
skill after feedback from the cognitive phase. The learner will use intrinsic feedback to know
how they could keep practising however the extrinsic feedback from the person guiding them
will verbal and mostly negative. This will help the learner know exactly where and how to
improve to get the best out of the performance.
The final stage is the autonomous phase, which is what elite performers are at.
The performer can consistently perform the skill correctly and use tactical and strategic
considerations in their performance. For example, if a football player was taking a penalty, he
will contemplate which direction the goalkeeper, who is also interpreting which way the player
will shoot, will dive rather than being more concerned on the performance of the shot because
that should come naturally at this stage.
If practise is not maintained in the associative and autonomous phases then regression of
stages will take place rather than progression.
"Proprioception, a person's continual awareness of their balance, their whole body position or
the position of any of it's constituent parts."
Proprioception is another form of intrinsic feedback as the performer becomes aware of
their body movements and position. The player needs to continually analyse their performance
to give them options of whether to improve or maintain.
Team games are very much open for feedback in all forms, most team games are similar
and have a coach on the side watching and guiding. In football, feedback is vital for the players
to keep them motivated throughout the game. There are many different types of feedback which
are used in football just as much as any other sport. The three main types used by an extrinsic
form are negative feedback, postive feedback and concurrent feedback. When negative
feedback is used perhaps at half time or at the end it slightly demotivate me but makes me want
to make amends on my performance. Positive feedback makes me motivated even more and
continue to maintain the performance. The concurrent feedback which is given throughout the
game gives me motivation during the game if I am performing not as well as I could.
By rewarding the player they can remember the skill action they used to complete the
skill and this will go into the long-term memory and used later in the game and be performed at
a higher level. While negative feedback will develop a fear of failure and create a tense practise
atmosphere.
I have found from my research that feedback has a high importance of involvement in
the learning of skill. Beginners need a lot of positive feedback from an outside source. The
further the stage the performer is at the less extrinsic feedback is needed as they can feel
themself when a skill is performed correctly or needs improving.