The Skeletal System

Task One The Skeletal System When looking at the skeleton, we normally look at it in the anatomical position. There are 206 bones in the adult human body. These are some of the main bones: There are 2 divisions that make up the skeletal system. These are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the cranium, ribs, sternum and the vertebrae. The appendicular skeleton consists of the upper limbs (arms), lower limbs (legs), pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle. In our everyday life, the skeleton has 5 purposes: - Protection: a rigid structure to protect vital organs on impact. - Support: a rigid structure which tissue attaches onto and keeps the body in shape and upright. - Cell production: bone marrow produces blood cells, mainly red blood cells. - Movement: rigid structure with joints that act as levers and allow us to move. - Mineral reserve: substances such as fats and minerals can be stored within the bones for later use. There are 5 types of bones within the human body. These are: - Long: longer than they are wide. (e.g. the femur and the humerous) - Short: as wide as they are long (e.g. the carpals and tarsals) - Flat: flat and protect another structure (e.g scapula and ribs) - Irregular: no common characteristics (e.g the vertebrae) - Sesamoid: contained within a tendon (e.g. the patella and in the sole of the foot)

  • Word count: 1155
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System provides us with many important functions, it provides us with the shape and form for our bodies as well as supporting, protecting, allowing our body to move freely, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals. The Skeletal System is the system of our body that gives our body its physical shape and with the help of the Muscular System it keeps us moving and makes us able to do tasks that we don't think about like raising our leg to kick a football or using our legs to boost us into the air to spoil the mark. The Skeletal System works directly with the help of the skeletal system which would explain why it is often referred to as the musculo-skeletal System. The average adult skeleton has 206 bones that are joined up with ligaments and tendons to make a protective and supportive framework for the muscles and the soft tissues which lie underneath it. The 206 bones form a rigid framework that the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached to, the vital organs are also protected by the Skeletal System, the brain is protected by the skull just like the heart and lungs are protected by the sternum and rib cage. The skeleton has two main parts: The Axial Skeleton and The Appendicular Skeleton, The Axial Skeleton contains the skull, spine, ribs and the sternum (which is the breastbone) and includes another 80 bones. The Appendicular Skeleton

  • Word count: 914
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The skeletal system

The precise number of bones in the adult human skeleton varies from one person to another, but on average there are 206 bones varying shapes and sizes. The skeleton is divided into two main parts. The central bones of the skull, ribs, spin (vertebral column) and breast bone (sternum) form the axial skeleton. The bones of the arms and legs, along with the shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle) and pelvis make up the appendicular skeleton. The cylindrical, linked vertebrae of the spinal column offer strong, bony protection for the spinal cord. Aided by muscles and ligaments, the vertebrae support the skull and hols the body upright. The spin has a flexible structure that permits twisting and bending of the trunk. The wing-shaped shoulder blades (scapulae) that cover the upper part of the ribcage allow great flexibility in the arms and shoulders. Bone shapes The shapes of the bones reflect their functions. Long bones act as leavers to raise and lower; short bones, such as the ankle bones (talus) are useful bridges; flat bones including those found in the skull form protective shells. Small, rounded, sesamoid bones, such as the knee cap (patella), are embedded within tendons. Irregular bones include vertebrae, the pelvis (ilium), and some skull bones, such as the sphenoid. Bones of the hand and foot The skeletal structure of the hand and foot is similar;

  • Word count: 1852
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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The Respiratory System:

The Respiratory System: Tidal volume: volume that flows into the lungs with each inspiration during quiet breathing. Inspiratory Reserve: air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume. The mean for this is 3.3 in men and 1.9 in women. Expiratory Reserve: volume expired by active expiration after passive expiration the mean scores for this is 1.01 in men and 0.7 in women. Vital Capacity: maximum breath volume. In this second part of the essay we had to compare the results of the tests we under took. The test we did was using a spirometer, we collected respiratory activity, of a few people in our group, compared them and see what factors could affect lung capacity. Subject A (female) Emma holder Tidal Volume = 23mm (average) this is due to the fact that hear tidal volumes where of mixed length so I thought it would be best to get the mean. Inspiratory reserve volume = 11 mm Expiratory reserve volume = 30 mm The percentage of the vital capacity the tidal volume represents = 37% Subject B (Male) Andy Tidal volume - 4 units Inspiratory reserve volume - 14 units Expiratory reserve volume - 6 units The percentage of the vital capacity the tidal volume represents - 20% Subject C (male) cheese Tidal Volume- 15mm Inspiratory reserve volume- 35mm Expiratory reserve volume - 45mm The percentage of the vital capacity the

  • Word count: 781
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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voluntary sports clubs

Voluntary Sports clubs (Assignment two) Task one (Pass, merit): Identify the funding procedures and systems that are successfully used in voluntary sector sports clubs and explain the effectiveness of the constitution, methods of finance, structure, procedures and systems for a selected voluntary sector sports club. * Grants and funding - nearly all voluntary sports clubs will get an annual sum of money for the governing bodies of there respective sport, however there are other sporting charity such as the nation lottery and sport England who will give small sports clubs side grants for new facilities such as flood lights or new club houses the money can also but granted for repairs to any damages as well. Local councils can also provide this money. * Events - fund raising events are vital to every voluntary sports clubs survival, events include things such as open days festivals bonfire nights and seasonal parties being held also ome club can be hired privately. These events can help bring in in the extra funding needed by the clubs to pay for unforeseen needs. These events are also to bring the club together and improve the atmosphere of the club. * Membership Fees - again nearly all sports clubs will ask for a small payment for each player either monthly or annually this is called a membership fee. This money is usually used to help the club pay for travelling

  • Word count: 3498
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Physical Education (Sport & Coaching)
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