The two world wars had the most significant impact on the development of European identity in the twentieth century.' Discuss
'The two world wars had the most significant impact on the development of European identity in the twentieth century.' Discuss Words 1698 European identity is a concept much deliberated due to its ambiguous nature, for it is a matter of opinion. However, in accordance to David Miller's, On Nationality, the main components of the formation of one's identity usually derive from five factors, which are; firstly through a recognition of one another shared by the members of the nation, secondly through an identifiable historical continuity, the third feature being an active identity of cohesive decisions, the fourth being the connection to a geographical place, and finally an identity requires shared characteristics. The development of a European identity has been a question of the definition, for the nations that symbolise Europe can be categorised through different aspects, such as political, economic, cultural or religious, and geographical. Therefore classing a nation, as 'typically' European is difficult, for to create an overview of a culture made of different nations is too ambiguous, and therefore this is vague enough to incorporate all aspects of being 'European'. Throughout the evolution of Europe significant points in history have altered the identity and ideas within it, such as the domination of religion throughout the Middle Ages which defined Europe through; the
Economic and political integration between the member states of the European Union means that these countries have to take joint decisions on many matters. So they have developed common policies in a very wide range of fields - from agriculture to culture
EUROPE Europe has always shown instability as countries have always fought and invented each other. Many European countries were convinced that the only way to secure peace between countries was to unite them economically and politically. On the 19th September 1946 Winston Churchill calls for Untied States of Europe. This was seen as response to what already America was doing. Four years later on the 9th May 1950 French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposes creation of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Countries like Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands ('the Six') sign Treaty establishing European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris) in 18th April 1951. This cooperation was going extremely well and on the 1st of January 1958 in Italy, Rome the Treaty of Rome was formed, six countries signed the treaty setting up European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Another treaty was signed by France and Federal Republic of Germany called the Treaty of Friendship (Elysee Treaty) in 22nd January 1963. The member states were very pleased on how things were running, further more they removed trade barriers between them and forming a "common market". In 1967 the institutions of the three European communities were merged. From this point on, there was a single Commission and a single
To what extent is European community law supreme in member states?
To what extent is European community law supreme in member states? In this essay I firstly will be looking at the basic ideology of European community law, like the origins and the development of European community law and what institutions make the backbone of the European community. To understand supremacy we will look and understand about the vertical and direct effect of the European community law. The year of 1946 is where European Community originates, where the then British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in Zurich proposed "a united states of Europe". After much consultation and referendums this resulted in three communities forming (1) European coal and steal community with the signing of The Treaty of Paris 1951 (2) European Economic Community signing the Treaty of Rome 1957 which also included the European atomic energy community. Today there are fifteen members whom are all committed to the development of a closer economic and politically community. This led to the Single European Act 1986 then the treaty of Maastricht 1992 thus providing a foundation (European Union) based on a European economic community which integrated a vast variety of activities like a monetary union to a common social policy. Consequently in 1993 the European Economic Community became the European Union. There are four institutions that make the European Union. Firstly there is the
fears of European rulers
HISTORY ESSAY June 96: What grounds were there for the fears of those who, in the years 1789-1799, believed that revolution would spread beyond the frontiers of France to the rest of the Continental Europe? Since the French Revolution started in 1789, what the French revolutionary had achieved from constitutional monarchy in 1789 to open republican government in September 1792 was strongly acting against the interests of the European rulers especially regarding the 3 principles of the revolution (liberty, equality and fraternity) which began to spread beyond the frontiers of France and posed a serious threat to those European countries as they were still in the practiced of the Ancien Regime. By the Declaration of the Right of Man, new ideas were put forward; everyone were born equal before the law which was contradict with the European powers who still practiced the hereditary hierarchy of status and it proclaimed of France ruled by its own people posed a strong opposition to the despotism rule of the European rulers. It was this sovereignty of the people, that had created a strong feeling of patriotism and it was further strengthened by the 'levee en masse' (the whole population of France was brought into permanent requisition for the defence of the country) in August 1793. Consequently, this led to the formation of a strong and disciplined revolutionary army during the
The main reason to develop a Competition Policy in the EU is to prevent a number of actions which disturb the economy and the market.
2.2 Question 2: Competition Policy is one of the pillars of the European Union. 2.2.1 What is the rationale behind the E.U Competition Policy and what are it's objectives? The main reason to develop a Competition Policy in the EU is to prevent a number of actions which disturb the economy and the market. The competition policy prohibited this actions which are incompatible with the market: agreements between undertakings, decisions taken by the associations of undertakings and concerted practices which could affect trade between Member States and which have as their aim the prevention, distortion and restriction of competition within the common market, and particularly: * Fix purchase or selling prices directly or indirectly, or to fix any other trading condition. * Limit or control technical development, markets, production or investment. * Share markets or sources of supply. * To create a competitive disadvantage, applying different conditions to equal transactions with other trading parties. * To realise the conclusion of contracts subject to be accepted by the other parties of supplementary obligations which have no connection with the subject of such contracts. The competition policy developed by the Union has a big amount of goals. This policy ensures a diversity of mass market consumer goods and also low prices for the final customer. Through the State
Cyprus a new member of the European Union, a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of joining.
Cyprus a new member of the European Union, a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of joining. Name: Constantinos Stylianides Student no.: 03109693 Module tutor: Richard Haill Date: 14th of June 2004 Word count: 3,253 words Contents PAGE 1. Introduction 3 1.1. Description of Topic 3 1.2. The main sources of investigation 3 1.3. Aims of the Project 3 2. Main Body 4 2.1. Brief history of Cyprus after 1960 4 2.2. The failure of the UN mission in Cyprus 5 2.3. The European Union 5 2.3.1 Application of Cyprus to join the EU 6 2.3.2 Relations between Cyprus and the EU 6 2.4. UN's reunion Plan for Cyprus 7 2.5. Cyprus becomes a Member of the EU 7 2.5.1. Advantages 7 2.5.1.1. Political benefits from the entry to the EU 8 2.5.1.2. Economic advantages of the Membership 9 2.5.2. Disadvantages 0 2.5.2.1. Economic disadvantages 0 2.5.2.2. Political disadvantages 1 2.5.2.3 Social disadvantages 2 3. Conclusion 3 3.1. The, key points of the project 3 3.2. A personal view 3 4. Appendix 4 5. References 7 . Introduction 1.1. Description of the topic Cyprus has always been a part of the European family. The goal of joining the EU is a natural choice for Cyprus. On 1st of May 2004 ten new countries joined the European Union (EU), one of those was Cyprus. Cyprus is very well known because of its problem, with Turkey's invasion
Assess the reasons why Britain's reactions to European co-operation changed in the period 1945-63.
Assess the reasons why Britain's reactions to European co-operation changed in the period 1945-63 In the years after WW2 there was strong opposition in Britain toward possible European integration. Britain had not faced Nazi occupation and still retained her Empire unlike her European ' cousins'. However, by 1961, she was deeply involved in European affairs and organisations. This shift in policy was not a sudden change of thought but a gradual adherence towards European opinion. How did this change come about? Initially, Britain's main resistance to any form of integration within Europe stemmed from two concerns, firstly that it would require power to be handed over to a supra-national organisation, resulting in the loss of her prized national sovereignty. Secondly, fear that such integration had the potential to cut across her economic and political ties with its Empire. The British Empire still stretched across the world and Imperialistic attitudes still remained. At the end of WW2 many still held the view that Britain, and its Empire, could become the 'Third World Power' behind the U.S. and U.S.S.R, whilst at the same time guiding the revival of Europe from ruins to riches in order to contend with the rising force of Communism. As Bevin argued: "Provided we can organize a Western European system ... it should be possible to develop our own power and influence equal to
Ever Closer Union
For over 50 years European nations have been forming an "ever closer union", resulting in the European Union as we know it today. The objectives of the European Union are as follows: * To promote economic and social progress * To assert the identity of the European Union on the international scene * To introduce European citizenship * To develop an area of freedom, security and justice * To maintain and build on established EU law The European Union has only really existed since the early 1990s, although the term has been used for much longer. Milestones on the following page of the major events on the European Union. The Maastricht Treaty renamed the European Community, the European Union by forming what are known as the three pillars of the EU. (The Maastrict Treaty will be talked about in more depth further on) Which are: * European Community * Common Foreign and Security Policy * Justice and Home Affairs The Pillars The first pillar is managed by the institutions of the EU, where as the second and third work through inter-governmental co-operation. The first pillar is responsible for the single market and freedom of movement across borders. It also looks after economic and monetary union and issues such as agriculture, environment and competition. In this pillar, unlike the other two, member states have given up some of their sovereignty and EU
The principal problems membership of the EU has brought to the regions of Britain.
This essay then attempts to highlight some of the principal problems membership of the EU has brought to the regions of Britain and the impact Community policies designed to lessen these problems have had. It also endeavours to show how membership of the EU has affected traditional national government policies implemented to reduce regional disparities. Probably the most significant impact membership of the European Union has had on regional development in the UK is regards a deepening of the north-south divide. Although only politically recognised in the 1980s this divide has a history that stretches back to the original location of major manufacturing activity in the north of the UK. Beginning with the extraction of coal to fuel the industrial revolution, this acted as a catalyst which initiated a process of cumulative causation in northern areas and consequently led to the development of shipbuilding, textile, iron and steel and port-based activities. It was industries such as these that constituted the springboard for British expansion abroad and dominated the functionality of the regions major conurbations (Champion and Townsend, 1990). according to EU sources the south-east recorded a GDP per capita 30 per cent above the EU average in 1988, whilst regions in the north averaged 10 per cent below EU levels (Wise and Gibb, 1993). The recent opening of the Channel Tunnel
Critically analyse the role of NATO in post-Cold war Europe, with special emphasis of the significance of the two rounds of enlargement, including the similarities and differences between them.
Critically analyse the role of NATO in post-Cold war Europe, with special emphasis of the significance of the two rounds of enlargement, including the similarities and differences between them. New World Order? New NATO? It is essential that NATO adjusted itself to new IR realm, where a tiny spark can ignite a global conflict. Therefore it is a global alliance that NATO should become to prolong its existence for next 50 years. To adjust its efficiency, it must enlarge. Four years after accepting new members - Hungary, Czech and Poland - NATO is on a crossroads. There are voices to be heard, louder and louder, that NATO is in crisis and its future seems uncertain. Contrary to what it may seem, it is not a question of internal dispute within the Alliance. During fifty years NATO's existence similar disputes happened quite often. But then, clear framework of Washington Treaty and a common (Soviet) threat were enough of a cure to heal most of them. Now its is different. It is not merely an incidental problem - it has come to question its existence, question the identity and future shape. Warsaw Pact seized to exist, Soviet Union has gone with the wind, communism is no longer a threat to Western Europe, German state is united and democratised. With NATO born in different world, is it still needed? Definitely a 'be or not to be question'... Unfortunately for political alliances,
