Acid rain will continue to decrease as long as tougher emissions standards, especially in the developed countries, continue to be raised to new, higher levels.

Acid rain will continue to decrease as long as tougher emissions standards, especially in the developed countries, continue to be raised to new, higher levels. The one question mark is developing countries; they do not want to set comply to higher emissions standards because tougher standards will slow the process of strengthening their industries (and economies) to the point where they can compete with the developed countries on the global market . However, there seems to be little literature or data on Acid Rain in developing countries. It could be due to the fact that there is little acid rain, but more likely, the latent problem has yet to be studied as closely as the ultra-meticulous environmental and scientific sector of the acid rain inflicted US and Europe. Consequently, these countries have had good reason to study Acidic Deposition because high water and soil acidity is killing the aquatic and terrestrial life of many regions' lakes and forests. Moreover, from a US perspective, the vast Pacific Ocean is separating America from any pollutants the prevailing winds might waft in, forming acidic deposition. Because we are relatively isolated from most of the world's emissions, it is likely that acid rain will continue to decrease in North America as we and Canada enforce stricter standards. There are already signs of decreasing acidity over much of the Northeast US and

  • Word count: 1087
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Law... EU. Revision.

Law... EU. Revision. - The European law must be respected by all member states. And all member states must obey EU law. National Governments cannot make laws within there own territories. The Institutions. - Decisions in EU made by 4 institutions; o Council of Ministers o European Commission o European Parliament o Court of Justice Council Of Ministers - Is the EU's Ultimate law making body? Job is to approve/reject proposals drawn up by the commission. o Members * The populations of their own countries elect members. The Commission. - Permanent Bureaucracy of the EU. Made up of Commissioners appointed by member states and civil servants. Commissioners draw up proposals for new laws and ensure that member states follow existing EU laws. o Members * Members of Commission are not elected. The European Parliament. - Citizens of each member state elects members of the EU parliament. Council needs the agreement of the EU parliament before new laws can be created. o Members * Elected every 5 years. Court Of Justice. - Role is to interpret EU law. The 15 judges in the ECJ have the power to resolve cases involving a breach of EU law or to settle disputes over the interpretation of EU laws. Decisions made in ECJ cannot be challenged in any member state. Were parties disagree on the interpretation of a point of EU law and the case is being held under the

  • Word count: 627
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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How important is the European Parliament?

How important is the European Parliament? The European Parliament is the only directly elected part of the European Union's central infrastructure. The EP is supranational and with the Council of the European Union makes up the EU's legislature. There are 732 Members of the European Parliament, making it the second largest in the world after India. The three pillars of the EU give different powers to three bodies. The first pillar concerns the European Parliament. This pillar gives EP power over some policy areas not reserved for member states. This means the EP has power over the Single Market, the CAP, the Common Fisheries Policy, EU citizenship, the environment and asylum and immigration, among other powers. However, power over foreign and security policy is under the second pillar, and criminal policy is under the third pillar; as such, the EP lacks the power of a traditional Parliament who has power over all policies. The EP has become more important in recent years due to its increased legislative powers. Since 1997, they can reject legislation, and they have co-decision with the Council of Ministers. The new passage of laws requires that the EP can make suggestions through its two readings and the Council can accept or reject these, making their own recommendations as well. Should the Parliament and the Council of Ministers disagree over law past the EP's or the

  • Word count: 2594
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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UK Business Selling in an EU state

UK Business Selling in an EU state Task 8b Within the EU, its aims are to remove all barriers, allowing trade among the member states. For businesses as part of their aims and objectives, it is to maximise sales and to improve the quality of a product while being competitive with other rival businesses. Investment also encourages businesses to compete, increasing productivity. Economically the EU spreads its wealth evenly. Allowing people, goods services and, also introducing free movement and capital making it possible to exchange and invest in money anywhere in the union. If businesses from the UK wish to sell in the EU it should consider about the cost of starting there and the impact it and its product will have on the marketing mix. Because of the Single Market, European firms are known selling to a market where there are over 458 million people (Europe's exact population). This is an opportunity for major firms. At the same time, UK businesses would see this as a competition. An example to this question could be that of a UK sports business and company like JD sport. The chosen products from this business are trainers. In the UK, Nike Air Force Ones trainers are sold mostly for price of £55. If one Euro is €1.42 and JD Sports had sold them in one of the member states of the EU such as Luxembourg, the cost to that in the Euro would be €78.1. Having a single

  • Word count: 1912
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Should Britain join the Euro? A report into the pro's and cons.

Should Britain join the Euro? A report into the pro's and cons By Katie Clarke Introduction One of the main changes in recent years in the world economy is the appearance of a new sole currency for 12 European countries: Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Sweden and Greece. The two main reasons for building a new currency are, firstly, to rival the US dollar, and, secondly, to strengthen and unite the European economy. There is a long pre-history of building the single European currency with a several unsuccessful attempts. Because of this previous experience, and previous monetary losses, countries such as the UK and Denmark are undecided as to whether to join the European single currency. This report will analyse if the UK should join the Euro or stay with the Pound. History > 1946- The European Federalists Union is put into place in Paris, France. > 1948- The custom convention between Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands comes into force. > 1949- The Western Union Treaty (Brussels Treaty) is signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. > 1949- France, Great Britain and the Benelux countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) decide to set in place a Council of Europe and ask Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Switzerland to help them prepare the statutes of

  • Word count: 2088
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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THE STATE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ON TERRORISM

The State of Global Governance on Terrorism No matter where you are now or where you are going to appear tomorrow, the entire globe in under the threat of the 20th century phenomenon and yet commonsense notion at the dawn of the new era. Virtually, living in danger means that you are unable to ensure safety of your residence even in the in well-off European capitals, e.g. Madrid 2004, London 2005; neither can you be safe watching the Olympic Games, e.g. Munich 1984. There's something weird in the air making us fragile and the problem is that compared to the causes of AIDS, the roots of terror are hidden in disguise and nobody's safe regardless the availability of the entire scope of the state-of-the-art high-tech safeguard measures. What makes the solution and who holds the key to uprooting the "plant of horror" are the challenges to be immediately responded by the international community to prevent one another building transforming into a heap of blocks overnight. Global terrorism is not less than the continuous war of the 21st century with thousands victims and no future guarantees at all. This is justifiable to the extent that members of the Taleban regime, Al Qaeda, ETA, IRA are indeed well organized structures, constantly promoting their activities in the range one can hardly anticipate. Therefore, no matter how hard one tries, since September 2001 the rest of the world

  • Word count: 1584
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Critically examine the merits and defects of the various approaches to dealing with environmental problems.

Critically examine the merits and defects of the various approaches to dealing with environmental problems. Since the 1970's there has been a massive shift from national environmental policy to EU policies. Environmental problems can be tackled from two angles. The first being that of treating pollution causes. The second, tackling the symptoms of pollution. Within these two areas are contained various approaches to dealing with environmental problems. These approaches have both advantages and disadvantages and this is what will be discussed within this essay. Two main approaches can be identified in which several attributes are included. These approaches are called 'Command and Control' and 'Market Based' approach. The discussion will evaluate the different attributes and instruments available to each approach, focusing on their practicalities for the nation adopting those practices. We start by focusing firstly on the topic of dealing with symptoms of environmental problems, and more specifically, the command and control approach. The essence of this theory is the use of regulation. Regulation in itself can be broken down into its different forms such as prohibitions, maximum limits, directives and standards. These are the features that will be analysed closely. Standards can be defined as, "qualities that establish norms against which compliance or deviance is

  • Word count: 2211
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Is Europe a Bargaining Forum?

Is Europe a Bargaining Forum? Introduction Starting with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952, and subsequently the treaties of Rome in 1957, up until the Single European Act of 1986, the member states of the European Community (EC)1 engaged in hitherto unprecedented levels of inter-state cooperation, even though there not always was a unidirectional development towards an "ever closer union". The dramatic events of 1989 and the following years fundamentally altered the geopolitical situation in Europe, and this consequently may have produced a different logic for economic and political integration in the region. Thus, the scope for this essay is the process which tied a large part of Western Europe together during the post-WWII period up until the political "earthquake" of 1989, and it will discuss whether it by 1989 had become clear that the EC was a mechanism through which member states bargained rather than an entity that had fundamentally changed the nature of those states. This essay argues that important characteristics of the states that made up the EC in 1989, actually had changed as a result of the steps towards integration: there had been some interesting developments, including, in some areas, shifts from one decision-making arena to another, and a "Europeanisation" of national interest. First, the history of the EC will sketchily be

  • Word count: 4775
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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What problems confront a President in controlling and coordinating the executive branch and how successfully have recent Presidents assessed them?

What problems confront a President in controlling and coordinating the executive branch and how successfully have recent Presidents assessed them? The President sits at the apex of the executive branch, and is the only member of the branch to be elected. Aside from his administrative officials and advisors, the executive branch of the President is made up of two main areas. The Cabinet and The EXOP. The Cabinet is a body whose members specialise in different areas of American society and aim to represent those areas by making decisions that benefit their supporters. They are appointed and dismissed by the President (whose appointments and dismissals must be approved by Congress). The EXOP (Executive Office Of the President) is made up of members, again specialising in a a certain aspect of society, but this time they represent the President and their views on certain issues, as opposed to having its supporters and the good of that particular society at heart. The members of the EXOP are also appointed by the President, but his appointments and dismissals are, this time, not checked by the Congress in any way. The President often has a great deal of problems controlling and coordinating both bodies, and has very different relationships with them. In this essay I am going to investigate the relationship between the president and both branches of the executive, before

  • Word count: 1701
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Regulation 2560/2001 on cross-border payments in Europe.

REGULATION 2560/2001 ON CROSS-BORDER PAYMENTS IN EUROPE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Arguments for and against 3 The case for the regulation 3 The case against the regulation 4 Implementation in the context of general EU governance 6 Technical aspects 8 Rivalry in the payment industry 12 Economic background 13 Conclusion 15 References 18 Appendix A - The regulation in full text 21 Appendix B - Teamwork 25 Appendix C - Statement on grading 25 INTRODUCTION The widely acknowledged aim of the European Union is to ensure increasing integration between its member states. The most important field on which integration takes place is the economy. In the treaties of Maastricht 1992, a milestone in economic integration was brought on its way; the euro. When it was introduced as book money in 1999 and when it replaced national coins and banknotes in 2002, experts and politicians were expecting a huge leap forward in the integration process. While the full effects still are difficult to assess, there is also agreement that other factors and obstacles to the free flow of capital must be removed in order for the Euro to unleash its full potential. One such obstacle is the high prices that banks charge on international money transfers. The prices are in sharp contrast to the extremely low ones charged domestically and are thus at odds with the idea of a European domestic

  • Word count: 8339
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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