The Institution of the European Union and Theories.
The EU and UK Business AVCE Business Task 1 A clear explanation of key underpinning economic theories relevant to the EU. The Institution of the European Union and Theories Economies of Scale, Firms operating in the European Union can benefit economies of scale which is where a firm expands and lowers costs for consumers and makes profits. Official definition is cost advantage through increasing in sale, the main advantages of this are especially being in the EU are that firm has large market to sell to, there is increased demand and sales to be made and above all more scope for large firms. Large business such as Boots can compete more effectively than a smaller business due to greater monopoly and lower unit costs which derive from economies of scale. e.g. a firm by entering the EU has access to larger market, larger potential of sales and increased output resulting in economies of scale. By increasing in size and producing more average costs are lowered and firm makes a profit. Supply & Demand The EU enables firms from member states to operate any where in the EU, there are advantages and disadvantages of this, Supply increases as there are so many firms operating so supplies increases but one can also have a disadvantage as there are so many firms operating supply has increased so prices would be lowered, in-order for firms to
Transformation of the U.S. Hegemony in Europe through NATO after the Cold War
M. E. T. U DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE MAKING OF EUROPEAN SECURITY (Prof. Dr. Mustafa TÜRKES) Transformation of the U.S. Hegemony in Europe through NATO after the Cold War Prepared by Sinan Tas Mar 29th, 2006 CONTENTS Contents Abstract 1 . Introduction 1 2. United States' Security Hegemony in Europe in Post Cold War Period, the Challenges and the Transformation of Hegemony 2 Establishment of the United States Security Hegemony 2 The Rising Challenge: The Background of the ESDP 4 Transformation of the U.S. Hegemonic Project in Europe 5 Berlin and Brussels (1996) Foreign and Defense Ministerial Meetings 7 Amsterdam EU Summit (1997) and St.Malo Summit (1998) 9 U.S. Response to the Challenge and Washington Summit (1999) 10 Afterwards 11 3. Conclusion 14 References 16 Abstract This study argues the U.S. prolonged hegemony efforts in Europe after the Cold War. What were the changing conditions with the end of the Cold War, How did this change effect the U.S. involvement within the European Security Architecture, What are the U.S. interests in this involvement and finally What has the U.S. done to maintain its security hegemony, which it established during the Cold War? were some of the leading questions addressed in this study. In order to analyze the continuities of this hegemonic
Austria - An economic and political overview.
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. Page 2 1.1 Austria................................................................................. Page 2 1.2 Austria and WW2................................................................... Page 2 1.3 Economical situation................................................................ Page 3 1.4 Political situation..................................................................... Page 4 1.4.1 The Social Democratic Party of Austria-SPO....................... Page 4 1.4.2 The Austrian People's Party-OVP..................................... Page 4 1.4.3 The Freedom Party of Austria.......................................... Page 4 1.5 Haider................................................................................... Page 7 1.5.1 Who is Haider?............................................................ Page 7 1.6 Austria and the European Union................................................. Page 7 1.7 Minorities in Austria................................................................ Page 8 2 POLITICS........................................................................................ Page 10 2.1 Reactions.............................................................................. Page 11 2.2
Regulation 2560/2001 on cross-border payments in Europe.
REGULATION 2560/2001 ON CROSS-BORDER PAYMENTS IN EUROPE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2 Arguments for and against 3 The case for the regulation 3 The case against the regulation 4 Implementation in the context of general EU governance 6 Technical aspects 8 Rivalry in the payment industry 12 Economic background 13 Conclusion 15 References 18 Appendix A - The regulation in full text 21 Appendix B - Teamwork 25 Appendix C - Statement on grading 25 INTRODUCTION The widely acknowledged aim of the European Union is to ensure increasing integration between its member states. The most important field on which integration takes place is the economy. In the treaties of Maastricht 1992, a milestone in economic integration was brought on its way; the euro. When it was introduced as book money in 1999 and when it replaced national coins and banknotes in 2002, experts and politicians were expecting a huge leap forward in the integration process. While the full effects still are difficult to assess, there is also agreement that other factors and obstacles to the free flow of capital must be removed in order for the Euro to unleash its full potential. One such obstacle is the high prices that banks charge on international money transfers. The prices are in sharp contrast to the extremely low ones charged domestically and are thus at odds with the idea of a European domestic
An assessement of the impact of the lawyers' establishment directive.
ANASSESS Contents . Introduction 3 2. Historical and Legal Basis 3 A. Treaty of the European Union B. Case Law C. Three Directives 3. Requirements and Scope of Directive 98/5/EC 6 4. Impact of the Directive on the Market for Legal Services 7 A. Statistics and Trends B. Economic Approach C. Competition vs. Regulation 5. Conclusion 11 6. Bibliography 11 7. Endnotes 14 Appendix: 'Community' lawyers per host Member State 17 . Introduction Many lawyers and their business clientele view the European market as a single entity. The relative success of market integration has created demand for cross-border legal advice and cooperation1. Lawyers have a legitimate business interest in seeking the capacity to provide a one-stop shop to meet these legal needs2. Some lawyers, in seeking to accommodate this need, have tried in the past to establish a presence in other Member States. In some cases their right to do so, in any manifestation, was challenged; in other cases, the scope of their legal or marketing activities was hampered or rendered untenable3. Lawyers themselves recognised these difficulties for many years, and worked within the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as "CCBE") to cooperate and present a draft proposal for adoption by
MM02 - How the European market affects the way a firm is willing to operate as a business.
Throughout this assignment I will try to give a clearer description on how the European market affects the way a firm is willing to operate as a business. The business I have decided to focus on is mmO2. This is the new operating name of BT Cellnet, a very well firm known all over Europe, especially in the United Kingdom. It also has major opposition from many forms in the market including Vodafone, Nokia, Orange and Virgin. I will be able to identify the factors that are going to affect the way my business will operate. This includes legislation that they have to uphold, opportunities and threats presented to them by the European Union, positive and negative effects of monetary, social and competition policies, impact of cultural differences and the way their target market will react to continuous changes in the sports wear industry. My business has a monopolistic stronghold on the market and is able to dictate prices to their customers knowing full well that teenagers and young adults are willing and able to pay for these products because of a greater disposable income. In this assignment I will give my own views on how they should maximise their opportunities and minimise their threats, how they could gain a greater market share in Europe after taking advantage of their own home market. BT Cellnet was created in January 1985 with the aim of providing a quality mobile phone
Listed below are the main results obtained from the marketing research study. Contained in this is a summative list of the important findings for quick reference ability.
Management Summary Listed below are the main results obtained from the marketing research study. Contained in this is a summative list of the important findings for quick reference ability. st or Primary Stage 8 Countries of choice exist as Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Reasons for initial choice being all are in Eurpe, have strong economies, middle - low unemployment, literate and some are landlocked. Before continuing to the next stage the 8 countries are then narrowed down to 4. We initially list the S.L.E.P.T. Factors of all 8 countries, which are detailed in depth within the report. After this procedure was complete we then began the initial stage of deduction using the selection criteria method. For this we had chosen 4 criteria namely Criteria 1 = Literacy/Education, Criteria 2 = Fishing Industry, Criteria 3 = Population Density and finally Criteria 4 which was language. After organising the point score as listed within the report, the countries had now been narrowed down to 4 and consisted of Andorra, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands who scored the top 4 scores from the 8. 2nd Stage The 4 leading countries were then set questionnaires which like the selection criteria gave them points although these are in percentage weight. These results were then plotted on the Boston Matrix Graph and displayed the
Economic and political integration between the member states of the European Union means that these countries have to take joint decisions on many matters. So they have developed common policies in a very wide range of fields - from agriculture to culture
EUROPE Europe has always shown instability as countries have always fought and invented each other. Many European countries were convinced that the only way to secure peace between countries was to unite them economically and politically. On the 19th September 1946 Winston Churchill calls for Untied States of Europe. This was seen as response to what already America was doing. Four years later on the 9th May 1950 French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposes creation of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Countries like Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands ('the Six') sign Treaty establishing European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris) in 18th April 1951. This cooperation was going extremely well and on the 1st of January 1958 in Italy, Rome the Treaty of Rome was formed, six countries signed the treaty setting up European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Another treaty was signed by France and Federal Republic of Germany called the Treaty of Friendship (Elysee Treaty) in 22nd January 1963. The member states were very pleased on how things were running, further more they removed trade barriers between them and forming a "common market". In 1967 the institutions of the three European communities were merged. From this point on, there was a single Commission and a single
What does citizenship mean in the European context?
What does citizenship mean in the European context? Citizenship, broadly speaking, entails liberties, rights or entitlements and duties; and it involves the sense of 'belonging' that is also necessary to full membership of a political community Though nationality and citzenship may overlap ideologically, a recent survey of twelve member states of the EU(Gardner, ed., 1997; see also Qvortrup and Hazell, 1998 on the Nordic League) shows that, in practice, it is not the case that all citizenship rights are reserved for nationals. There is, however, no wholly uniform pattern about which rights are extended by states to resident 'neighbours' from other countries - or duties imposed on them. Rights to vote in General Elections are largely reserved to nationals - as in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. But Irish nationals resident in the UK have always been eligible to vote in British General Elections and British nationals in Ireland have been able to do so since 1985. This restriction also applies in the same countries, plus Ireland, to eligibility to be a candidate. Prior to the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty, non-nationals were allowed, however, to vote and stand in local elections in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain [in limited circumstances], and the UK [Irish and Commonwealth nationals].
The Institutional Consequences of Domestic Politics on Africa's International Relations and Regional Cooperation.
The Institutional Consequences of Domestic Politics on Africa's International Relations and Regional Cooperation The African States recently resolved to establish a relatively new regional body called the African Union and pursue its goals and objectives. Former members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) constitute the Union. This composition is characterized by Varying social-cultural, economic, religious and political backgrounds-factors which could act as encumbrances to operational capacity of the new Union. Though this new Union might be a product of lessons from the successes and pitfalls of OAU and regional response to globalization process, the consequences on national decision making process of member states, their domestic sovereignty, structures and institutions could be worthy of subjects of analysis. Worthy of examination also are the impacts of domestic political environment characterized by various structures and processes, military capability, population and national wealth, and plural ethnic groups on the power play within and across the African Union. At a general level, this paper examines the aims and objectives of the new African Union as against that of Organization of African Unity. The paper also examines prospects and challenges of the African Union. In particular it looks at the impact of domestic environment, structures and institutions,
