Assess the effectiveness of the Arab and Israeli peace initiatives from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Assess the effectiveness of the Arab and Israeli peace initiatives from the 1970s to the 1990s. Piggott, L & Rutland, S. (1998) "One Land: Two Peoples" Australia: Science Press Bickerton, I & Pearson, M.N. (1990) THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT Australia: Longman Cheshire Pty Ltd. CONTESTED SPACES Chapter 7 - The Peace Process 1973-1979 Key Historiographical Issues - the meaning of the Camp David Accords - impact of Likud and the settler movement on the peace process - impact of Palestinian terrorist activity on the peace process In 1973 the Arabs' approach to Israel followed the principles set out in Sept. 1967 Khartoum declaration. No peace with Israel; no recognition of Israel; no negotiations with Israel. Major concerns of Israelis (since 1948): - security of the state - refusal of the Arab states to acknowledge Israel's right to exist There were significant developments between 1973 and 1979. Following the 1973 war, Israel realised it urgently needed to explore ways of achieving peace with its neighbours as the balance of power in the Middle East had shifted in the direction of the Arabs. The Arab-Israeli resolution has become important for international communities e.g. USA, Soviet Union. The Persian Gulf, oil region is critically important to the world economy - Europe imports 85% of its oil needs from the Persian Gulf states and Japan 90%. 1960s - 1970s SU

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Armed Islamic Group [ Gia ]

ARMED ISLAMIC GROUP [ GIA ] PRESENTED TO : Dr. MARTIN MILLS PRESENTED BY : ANDLIB KHAN Student ID NO : 04935048 ALGERIA AND THE THREAT OF ISLAMIST INSURGENTS Radical Islam is not a novelty in post-colonial Algeria .1Islam has long been associated with politics in Algeria,served as a source of national identity and, as in so many other Muslim societies, was also the natural cultural rallying point of Algerian resistance to colonial control.The post-liberation Algerian state, despite its strong socialist orientation, explicitly recognised Islam in the constitution as a pillar of state and society.2 Ideologically the Algerian Muslim Fundamentalist are among the most radical in North Africa .Unlike their Egyptian or Tunisian counterparts they advocate a complete restructuring of society "in an attempt to realize the City of God on Earth."3 The emergence of the Islamic movement in Algeria has largely been attributed to the disillusionment of the masses with the prolonged rule of the FLN.(National Liberation Front).The FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) the largest and most active political party ,was created in March 1989 in Algeria.It adopted a strategy to first win over municipalities(elections of 1990)4.and then create an Islamic state ruled by the Sharia, Islam's sacred law . Since then religion and politics have played an intertwined and complex role in Algerian

  • Word count: 6155
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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To what extent is the city of Jerusalem vital to the followers of three main world religions in the present time?

To what extent is the city of Jerusalem vital to the followers of three main world religions in the present time? In this course-work, I will be examining the significance of Jerusalem to the current followers of the three main religions. In order for me to do so, I must examine Jerusalem's history and its significance to the three monotheistic faiths. I will also be discussing whether Jerusalem's importance is due to religious or political reasons, and whether the Middle East conflict arises from spiritual or political differences. Jerusalem is the ancient city, which has great significance to the three religions of the Book- Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. For many years, Jerusalem, the Scared, or the Holy city has peacefully accommodated Christian, Jewish, and Muslim people. Jerusalem has been numerously occupied, around twenty times. There are four main influential periods, which Jerusalem has witnessed. Christians dominated the Holy land for the least period of time, around 427 years, followed by the second shortest time, which saw the Ancient city being dominated by the Jews for 543 years, it is believed that the Pagan's dominated Jerusalem for around 800 years, leaving the Muslims to reign over Jerusalem for the longest period of time, 1193 years1. But there are some common beliefs, which the three religions share when it comes to Jerusalem. That is that Jerusalem

  • Word count: 5528
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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The role of International law in regards to The Palestinian Dilemma.

Final Paper Presented to: Dr. J. Allain POLS 472 The role of International law in regards to The Palestinian Dilemma Presented On: May 4, 2003 "To be Self-Determined, is to endorse one's actions at the highest level of reflection. When self-determined, people experience a sense of freedom to do what is interesting, personally important and vitalizing"1. The right to self-determination is an indisputable right that should be enjoyed by every human being as long as they have the opportunity to exercise it. It does not only imply the most basic human rights but has also been confirmed in vital documents dealing specifically with such an area, for instance article 1(2) of the UN charter that states the following To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace. Further, such a universal right has also been mentioned in numerous international documents like for example the 1966 International Covenant on Human Rights and the 1960 Colonial Declaration2. The many resolutions passed by the UN General Assembly and the establishment of the UN "Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People" by the Assembly in 19753 are clear proof of the general recognition of this right in regard to the people of

  • Word count: 4559
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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To what extent is the city of Jerusalem vital to the followers of three main world religions in the present time?

To what extent is the city of Jerusalem vital to the followers of three main world religions in the present time? In this course-work, I will be examining the significance of Jerusalem to the current followers of the three main religions. In order for me to do so, I must examine Jerusalem's history and its significance to the three monotheistic faiths. I will also be discussing whether Jerusalem's importance is due to religious or political reasons, and whether the Middle East conflict arises from spiritual or political differences. Jerusalem is the ancient city, which has great significance to the three religions of the Book- Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. For many centuries, Jerusalem, the Sacred, or Holy city has peacefully accommodated Christians, Jews, and Muslims. Jerusalem has been occupied around twenty times, and witnessed four main influential periods. The Christians dominated the Holy land for the least period of time, around 427 years, followed by the second shortest time, which saw the Ancient city being dominated by the Jews for 543 years, the Pagan's dominated Jerusalem for around 800 years, leaving the Muslims to reign over Jerusalem for the longest period of time, 1193 years1. There are common beliefs, which the three religions share when it comes to Jerusalem. That is that Jerusalem is often referred to as 'the Holy land', in the Bible, Torah, and Quran.

  • Word count: 4430
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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The land of Israel, home of the holy land Jerusalem, has been around for 35 centuries.

Lisa Bers October 27, 2003 Israel The land of Israel, home of the holy land Jerusalem, has been around for 35 centuries. Many religions consider Jerusalem their homeland however the right to call Israel home was given to the Jews in 1948. This was the beginning of the State of Israel, when Jewish independence, lost 2000 years earlier, was renewed. Located in the Middle East, Israel lies along the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. Israel is bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt and at the same time situated at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa. Israel extends for 290 miles in length and 85 miles in width. Many immigrants have settled in Israel both in the past and the present. Today Israel is home to 6.5 million citizens of various ethnic backgrounds, lifestyles, religions, cultures and traditions. Israel's population is comprised of 82% Jews, 14% Arabs Muslims, 2% Christians, and 2% Druze. The majority of Israeli citizens live in urban centers. The main cities of Israel include Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Be'er Sheva. Jerusalem is the capital and the center of the Jewish people's national and spiritual life. The first Jewish city in modern times, Tel Aviv, is the center of the country's industrial, commercial, financial and cultural life. Haifa and Be'er Sheva provide industrial services along with economic, health and education. Israel

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Why is it difficult to keep peace talks going in the Middle East?

Why is it difficult to keep peace talks going in the Middle East? The inability to resolve the land dispute, which began in the late nineteenth century and intensified after the setting up of the Jewish state of Israel in 1948, lies at the heart of the Arab conflict. Reaching a peaceful solution is essentially difficult because the dispute is fraught with many disagreements and lack of trust between and within the Palestinian Arabs and Israeli fractions that remain locked in battle. The Arab basis of the claim is that they conquered the land in 600AD and have lived there ever since. However the Jewish viewpoint is Jews lived there first and that this is their biblical land. This was taken from Jews as a result of a war with the Romans causing Diaspora and they have simply reclaimed the land that was taken from them. Arabs feel if Israel continues to claim the entire land, extending its boundaries then the millions of Arabs in the country would be required to live under Israeli sovereignty but without basic democratic rights. However Israel argues that there has never been an independent State of Palestine. Israel feels that the majority of Palestinians reside today in Jordan on the eastern side of the Jordan River if a Palestinian state was declared on the Western side of Jordan than this would clearly be a second nation for Palestinians. Accordingly Israeli

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Palestinian refugee problem - source related study

There has been a significant Palestinian refugee problem over the last fifty years. Around 700 000 Arabs left their homes in Palestine during the fighting in 1948-9. The fighting was between Israel and the neighbouring Arab states. Most of the Palestinians went to the West Bank and the Gaza strip, though many also went to Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. It is thought that there are about 2.5 million Arab refugees today. After the 1948-9 war, the United Nations formed the UN Relief and Works Agency. This set up camps for the refugees and provided food, clothing, shelter and education. The conditions in the camps were really bad. They were cramped, with several families huddled together in tents without adequate food or sanitation. During the rain, the ground would become muddy, and made tents almost impossible to live in. Clothes and blankets were nearly always wet. Illness and disease was common, with young and old people alike dying of hunger, disease, or because of the cold, wet conditions. Some people said it was like a concentration camp, with very few being able to leave and work elsewhere. The Israeli's claim that it is the responsibility of the Arab states to take in the 700000 Palestinian refugees. However their argument is that they can't afford decent housing, education or health facilities. Also, if the refugees were absorbed into the host nation and stopped being

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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History Coursework: The Arab-Israeli Conflict

History Coursework: The Arab-Israeli Conflict ) Which of these factors have contributed to the current Arab-Israeli conflict and assess which have been most significant? In 1948 the Jewish state of Israel was created out of the land of Palestine; the homeland of many Arabs who have lived there since the middle ages. Since then there has been continual conflict between the Arabs and the Israelis. From about 1500 BC, the Jewish people have lived in the land of Palestine. In the first century AD, Palestine was controlled by the powerful Romans. In AD 70 and again in AD 135 the Jews revolted against their Roman Rulers. The Romans crushed both the revolts severely and destroyed the city of Jerusalem, which included most of the temple, and expelled them from their lands. The Jews fled to all corners of the Roman Empire over the next two hundred years and many became wealthy and even gained high positions in the governments of the new lands in which they lived. But during the middle ages, the Jews were expelled from Western Europe and many settled in the East, in Russia and Poland. But they were still persecuted. Nearly all Europeans were Christian and in many countries, they forced the Jews to live in separate areas. They were not allowed land or allowed to vote. Such anti-Jewish behaviour is known as anti-Semitism. But in the nineteenth century the Russian Tsar was

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Terrorism. What is terrorism? 2. Why do terrorists use terror tactics? 3. What caused the September 11th terror attacks on America?

Terrorism . What is terrorism? 2. Why do terrorists use terror tactics? 3. What caused the September 11th terror attacks on America? Terrorism is the unlawful or threatened use of force or violence on people or property to compel or intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives. However it is difficult to define terrorism because all acts of terrorism are open to interpretation. One form of terrorism is war terrorism which is violence used indiscriminately against a civilian or non military population, the motive of the people who use this type of terrorism is to win a war. An example of this is, is the first dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II. This instantly killed 70-10,000 people and a possible 200,000 dead from radiation sickness in the next five years. The arguments for this was to end the war, to avoid the potentially massive allied losses an invasion would cost, revenge for Pearl Harbour and to justify the money spent on the development of the bomb. The victims for this were civilians and not military so this could be interpreted as an act of terrorism even if it was justified by the government as a necessity of war. This is similar to international terrorism as it has an effect on another country, in this case, the civilians of Japan. This differs as the people

  • Word count: 3583
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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