"Ideology played relatively small role in the revolutions of 1848" Discuss.
Malgorzata Wojcik "Ideology played relatively small role in the revolutions of 1848" Discuss. Year 1848 is described as "mad year" - mad with fight for freedom. Already its first months, in almost all parts of Europe, brought explosion of aims and aspirations, which were accumulated during the after-congress period. Revolutionary movements spread throughout the whole Europe, apart from Russia, where the system of serfdom did not allow any revolts, and Great Britain, where the reforms were carried out in non-revolutionary channels. Despite the differences in social, economic and political structures of European countries, the revolutions of 1848 were characterised by uniformity, and their ideology was a common denominator. There were several factors that caused the revolutions. Some believe that the main cause of the revolutions of 1848 was bourgeoisie's fight against still existing feudalism. it can be partly true, but this interpretation does not explain all the mechanism of the revolt. First of all - the years of 1845-47, in which an economic crisis occurred. It began with the agriculture problems, which were caused by a poor harvest of potatoes in 1845, followed by crop failure in 1846 and 1847. Agrarian riots occurred in France, there was a "potato revolution" in Berlin, bread-riots in other German cities. Because food prices went up, people stopped buying other
"Freedom of the Press, if it means anything at all, means the freedom to criticize and oppose." (Orwell)
"Freedom of the Press, if it means anything at all, means the freedom to criticize and oppose." (Orwell) The impulse for journalists to expose the evils of society is often paralleled in novels. Through One Hundred Years of Solitude and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Garcia Marquez and Solzhenitsyn become a part of this prevalent literary trend of social criticism. In both works, the society portrayed experiences a period of political turmoil. Garcia Marquez uses Colonel Aureliano Buendia to illustrate an effect of the Liberal revolution against the Conservative regime in Macondo, criticizing the personality defects suffered as a result of involvement in this situation of political instability. Solzhenitsyn's characters exist in mid-twentieth century Russia under Josef Stalin's totalitarianist regime in a Siberian labour camp. Ivan Denisovich experiences loss of individuality, changes in character and his time in the camp eliminates any prospect of an ordinary life after his release. Social criticism in literature looks at how a situation affects characters and how it changes them. While Colonel Aureliano Buendia's demise conveys the vices of revolution and war and Ivan Denisovich is used to address the effects of placement in a labour camp under a dictatorial rule, such as under Stalin, the novels do contain a common thread. Both Garcia Marquez and
So, whats wrong with Anarchism?
SO, WHAT'S WRONG WITH ANARCHISM? Anarchy: chaos, confusion, disorder, lawlessness, rebellion, riot1. This is how the dictionary explains anarchism and without a doubt this is how most people understand it to be. However they forget that the ideology itself stands for peace, equality and the idea of a stateless society. In this essay I will seek to explain the theory of anarchy, as well as answering the question by distinguishing between its positive aspects and its negative ones. I will also try to elucidate if anarchism can work and also give examples of it in practise as well as explain what is wrong with it as I go along. The basic commitment in anarchy is freedom. It teaches that society can and should be organised without the coercive authority of the state and it sees it as its biggest enemy and as an oppressor of the people2. There are however four different types of anarchists who agree on a stateless society but they range from defenders of private property and free market to supporters of complete common ownership, co-operative labour and distribution according to need3. The four different schools of thought in anarchy are: individualism, mutualism, collectivism and communism. Each of them differs in opinion and how the perfect anarchist society should be constructed. Individualists see the individual as their starting point, the German Max Sterner argued that the
"...the gulf between how one should live and how one does live is so wide that a man who neglects what is actually done for what should be done learns the way to self-destruction rather than self-preservation." (Machiavelli). Discuss.
"...the gulf between how one should live and how one does live is so wide that a man who neglects what is actually done for what should be done learns the way to self-destruction rather than self-preservation." (Machiavelli). Discuss. The quote given in the essay title refers to Machiavelli's belief that politics, unlike our personal relationships, is not based on an ethical need to act in a just fashion. This essay will set out Machiavelli's beliefs and then examine them to see if he successfully justifies his method of governing. Machiavelli's The Prince was based on similar works that had been written at the time, all of which purported to advise the rulers of the Principalities as to the methods by which they should rule. These other works generally recommended compassion, generosity and a need to be loved by the people as the main factors for being a successful ruler. Machiavelli disagreed. He looked at politics and took it exactly as he saw it: a world of deceit and corruption, in which even your closest friend could not be trusted to keep his promises to you. According to Machiavelli, "Everybody recognises how praiseworthy it is for a ruler to keep his word and live a life of integrity, without relying on craftiness. Nevertheless, we see that in practice, in these days, those rulers who have not thought it important to keep their word have achieved great things, and
"At The Heart Of Liberalism Lies A Fear Of Unchecked Power" - Discuss.
Liberalism : "At The Heart Of Liberalism Lies A Fear Of Unchecked Power" - Discuss In looking at this statement we have to first do one thing, separate liberalism in two forms, classical liberalism and modern liberalism. As these are very different from another they cannot be grouped together for this question. Hopefully this will let this question be answered more easily and perhaps an answer can be made for it. For classical liberalism a case can certainly be made for a fear of unchecked power being at its heart. Early classical liberal political commentators and philosophers based their beliefs on one simple overriding one - the state is a negative influence on people's lives and they wished to be from its persecution of them. Classical liberals are advocates of 'negative freedom', freedom from external restraint. Whilst this applies to many things other than a fear of an over-powerful government this stemmed from the liberal philosophers Locke's view on democracy. Locke believed in government by consent. The propertied should be able to elect politicians to protect themselves from the government and in particular taxation. Locke believed this would check the power of government as the propertied could then defend their natural rights against government. Government would then operate as a representative assembly. Other early liberals belied democracy could become
“How important are politics to characters’ relationships in ‘Middlemarch’ by George Eliot and ‘The Masters’ by C.P. Snow?”
"How important are politics to characters' relationships in 'Middlemarch' by George Eliot and 'The Masters' by C.P. Snow?" by Richard Ward When choosing two books for my Wide Reading assignment I was conscious of two things. Firstly, that I wished to stretch myself in regards to the reading, analysing and writing elements of the work and secondly that I needed a specific question to keep a tight focus and structure to the essay. With a book as large and with such a complex structure as 'Middlemarch', it would have been quite easy to drift off-task and away from the question; a specific question was of the greatest importance. Breaking down my question, I shall briefly define the key words in the sentence. By politics I do not mean to take the party politics of Jago and Casaubon, juxtapose them and put them into historical context. I mean politics in the true sense of the word, that is the manipulation of power between people, and how that affects the relationships of the characters. This does not mean that I will neglect politics on a wider scale, indeed that was my initial idea; I will place things in the wider political context in a separate section. I had originally intended to read 'Homage to Catalonia' by George Orwell alongside 'Middlemarch' on the grounds that I enjoy Orwell very much and that it was a book with a strong political stance to it, which I thought
Comparing the theories from the following theorists; David McClelland, Warren Bennis and Warner Burke.
Theories Essay In this essay I will be comparing the theories from the following theorists; David McClelland, Warren Bennis and Warner Burke. David McClelland pioneered workplace motivational thinking, developing achievement-based motivational theory and models, and promoted improvements in employee assessment methods, advocating competency-based assessments and tests, arguing them to be better than traditional IQ and personality-based tests. His ideas have since been widely adopted in many organisations, and relate closely to the theory of Frederick Herzberg. David McClelland is most noted for describing three types of motivational need, which he identified in his 1988 book, Human Motivation: * achievement motivation (n-ach) * authority/power motivation (n-pow) * affiliation motivation (n-affil) These needs are found to varying degrees in all workers and managers, and this mix of motivational needs characterises a person's or manager's style and behaviour, both in terms of being motivated and in the management and motivation others. The need for achievement (n-ach) The n-ach person is 'achievement motivated' and therefore seeks achievement, attainment of realistic but challenging goals, and advancement in the job. There is a strong need for feedback as to achievement and progress, and a need for a sense of accomplishment. The need for authority and power (n-pow)
Analyse The Main Features of Classical Liberalism
Analyse the Main Features of Classical Liberalism Liberalism is usually divided into two phases, Classical Liberalism up to about 1880 and New or Modern Liberalism 1880+. This essay will be focusing on Classical Liberalism. The term 'liberal' itself has been in use since the fourteenth century but has had a wide array of meanings. The Latin 'liber' referred to a class of free men. Men, who were neither serfs nor slaves. It has also meant generous, and open mindedness and also became increasingly associated with ideas of freedom and choice. The term 'liberalism' to denote political allegiance made its appearance much later. The term was not used until the early part of the of the nineteenth century being first employed in Spain in 1812. By the 1840s the term was widely recognised throughout Europe in relation to a distinctive set of political ideas. However, it was taken up in the UK more slowly. Although the term Liberalism in a political sense had not existed before the nineteenth century, it was based upon ideas and theories that had developed during the previous three hundred years. Political Liberal ideas resulted from a breakdown of feudalism in Europe and the growth, in its place of a market or capitalist society. In many respects liberalism reflected the established power of absolute monarchs and the landed aristocracy. The views of seventeenth century liberals
Analyse one model of abnormality I am going to analyse the biological model
Analyse one model of abnormality I am going to analyse the biological model. There are four main branches coming off the biological model. The first one is infection. This explanation says that an infection can cause mental illness. This can be explained by a study through which it was proven, that babies who's mother had the flu when they were pregnant, had a much greater risk of developing schizophrenia when they grew up. In other words, contracting illness or disease could mean that you have a greater chance of developing symptoms of abnormality. Meaning perhaps that illness or disease could affect the chemical make up of the brain and therefore could cause abnormality in some way. There is another example of a study in the nineteenth century. Syphilis was found to lead to brain deterioration which then led to psychotic behaviours such as delusions and other things. Then there is another explanation, involving genetics. It says that people inherit genes through reproduction and that these genes cause abnormality. So for instance, a grandparent could have had schizophrenia and it could have passed through one generation without resurfacing but then could come through and resurfaced in their grandchildren. There have been plenty of studies into identical twins compared with fraternal twins to try and justify this assumption. Most of these studies have shown a distinct
How far was the Decline of the Liberal Party in the Period 1867 to 1918 due to the effects of the First World War, rather than due to the growth of Democracy?
How far was the Decline of the Liberal Party in the Period 1867 to 1918 due to the effects of the First World War, rather than due to the growth of Democracy? The Liberal Party faced many problems in the period 1867 to 1918. The growth of democracy and the development of class based politics meant the Liberals needed a new direction and a new identity. Middle and upper classes voted Conservative, and increasingly the working classes were abandoning the Liberals for Labour. There were other problems including the issue of women suffrage, Irish home rule, and the disputes with the House of Lords. However, the Liberals' fate was sealed with their conduct of the First World War. No firm direction, divisions in the party, coalition governments, undermining of Liberal ideology, the increase in franchise and the exponential growth of the Labour Party all resulted in the destruction of the Liberals. The subsequent social reforms of 1832, 1867, and 1885 increased the number of working class voters so that by 1885 60% of adult males could vote, and politics became more divided on class grounds. The working class would traditionally vote Liberal as opposed to conservative, but increasingly the Liberal Party were neglecting working class issues such as wages and providing jobs with the inevitable result being the rise of the purely working class Labour Party - 'The Liberal Party was
