How and why does Locke explain the creation, value and protection of property?
'The great and chief end... of Mens uniting into Commonwealths, and putting themselves under Government, is the preservation of their property' (Second treatise, para.124). How and why does Locke explain the creation, value and protection of property? Locke says that the state has a responsibility to preserve people's private property. He (1688) says "The great and chief end, therefore, of men's uniting into common-wealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property" (p. 262). The state has to set laws which establish the rights of the people to own property. It has to have judges to decide between disputes. And it has to have people to execute the law once it's passed. The reason why people join a society is to get this particular protection for their property, or else they would have remained in a state of nature. For the same reason they have to protect it they can't take it away as well. Since people join a society to preserve their property not to have it taken away. If the state would have the right to take it away it would be as if they wouldn't have any property at all. Since, Locke (1688) says, "I have truly no property in that, which another can by right take from me, when he pleases, against my consent" (p. 266). People would be a lot better off living in a state of nature where at least, they have a right to try to defend
Government & Politics Revision Notes
Unit 1- People and Politics. PRIMARY NOTES Democracy Definition- Democracy is most simply defined as 'rule by the people'. Its core principle is the notion of political equality, an equal distribution of political power and influence. As a political system, democracy is often associated with 'government of the people, by the people, and for the people'. Democracy can either be direct, in which voters express views that will determine specific outcomes, or indirect in that representatives are elected to decide policy on the public's behalf. Democracy is commonly associated with the liberal-democratic model of democracy. As such, its distinctive features are regular, free and fair elections, universal adult suffrage, and party and candidate competition. * There are two types of Democracy, these are Direct and Representative Democracies. DIRECT DEMOCRACY- Direct democracy is based on the direct, unmediated and continuous participation of citizens in the tasks of government. This means that, through whatever mechanisms, the public makes public policy, rather than merely chooses who will make policy on its behalf. Direct democracy thus obliterates the distinction between the government and the governed and thus between the state and civil society. It is a system of popular self-government. In so-called Athenian democracy, it operates through a form of government by mass
Gandhi: Patron Saint of the Industrialist.
Gandhi: Patron Saint of the Industrialist Leah Renold[ ] During the years of the Indian independence movement, a leading Indian industrialist, G. D. Birla, was Mahatma Gandhi's most generous financial supporter. While Birla has been described as a devotee of Gandhi, the relationship between the two men was more one of collaboration than of one-sided devotion. Gandhi's campaigns were made possible by drawing from Birla's vast financial resources while Birla benefited not only from the social and religious prestige which his association with Gandhi brought him, but his economic role and position as a wealthy capitalist was strengthened and glorified. Gandhi gave his blessing to the abundant wealth of Birla with his teaching on trusteeship, a concept which asserted the right of the rich to accumulate and maintain wealth, as long as the wealth was used to benefit society. Gandhi apparently borrowed the concept of trusteeship from the writings of the American millionaire, Andrew Carnegie, who had used trusteeship to promote capitalism over socialism. The close relationship between Gandhi and G. D. Birla did not escape scrutiny. B. R. Ambedkar, a leader of the untouchable castes, accused Gandhi of pretending to support the cause of the oppressed while actually supporting the forces of social conservatism.[40] Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy of India, questioned the Gandhi-Birla
An assessement of the impact of the lawyers' establishment directive.
ANASSESS Contents . Introduction 3 2. Historical and Legal Basis 3 A. Treaty of the European Union B. Case Law C. Three Directives 3. Requirements and Scope of Directive 98/5/EC 6 4. Impact of the Directive on the Market for Legal Services 7 A. Statistics and Trends B. Economic Approach C. Competition vs. Regulation 5. Conclusion 11 6. Bibliography 11 7. Endnotes 14 Appendix: 'Community' lawyers per host Member State 17 . Introduction Many lawyers and their business clientele view the European market as a single entity. The relative success of market integration has created demand for cross-border legal advice and cooperation1. Lawyers have a legitimate business interest in seeking the capacity to provide a one-stop shop to meet these legal needs2. Some lawyers, in seeking to accommodate this need, have tried in the past to establish a presence in other Member States. In some cases their right to do so, in any manifestation, was challenged; in other cases, the scope of their legal or marketing activities was hampered or rendered untenable3. Lawyers themselves recognised these difficulties for many years, and worked within the Council of the Bars and Law Societies of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as "CCBE") to cooperate and present a draft proposal for adoption by
Communism VS Democracy
Communism VS Democracy Communism and Democracy Communism, a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals. In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are reached, however, communism involves the abolition of private property by a revolutionary movement; responsibility for meeting public needs is then vested in the state (Daniels 177). As a concept of an ideal society, communism is derived from ancient sources, including Plato's Republic and the earliest Christian communes. In the early 19th century, the idea of a communist society was a response of the poor and the dislocated to the beginnings of modern capitalism. At that time communism was the basis for a number of utopian settlements; most communistic experiments, however, eventually failed. Most of these small-scale private experiments involved voluntary cooperation, with everyone participating in the governing process (Daniels). Later the term communism was reserved for the philosophy advanced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their Communist Manifesto and the
What is the main reason for the loss of faith and interest in our Political System?
Independent Research Project 2008 What is the main reason for the loss of faith and interest in our Political System? Title: Sub-title: Page: Acknowledgments - Executive Summary - Introduction Introduction Aim Hypothesis Methods 2 2 2 2-3 Development How do people gain knowledge about politics? Should Government and Politics be a mandatory subject in the Curriculum? The Tabloids The Broadsheets Television Is the negative media justified, and is it doing a good job? What other issues may affect the loss of faith? How do the negative factors mentioned affect politics? 3-4 4-5 5 5-6 6 6-8 8-9 9-11 Primary Data Research - Results Tables of results Representation and evaluation of data Recommendations 1 2 2-14 4-16 6-17 Conclusions and Evaluations Evaluation of primary research Conclusions drawn from the investigation 7-18 8-19 Bibliography and References - 20 Appendices Sample questionnaire 21 Acknowledgments: I want to take this opportunity to thank those who helped me to create this piece of work, and those who gave me the encouragement to carry on when I thought it had me beat. Thanks to those who completed questionnaires which made it possible for me to gain primary data, and gave me a lot of 'food for thought' during the investigation. I'd like to Acknowledge the great support given by the Aylesbury College, not
MM02 - How the European market affects the way a firm is willing to operate as a business.
Throughout this assignment I will try to give a clearer description on how the European market affects the way a firm is willing to operate as a business. The business I have decided to focus on is mmO2. This is the new operating name of BT Cellnet, a very well firm known all over Europe, especially in the United Kingdom. It also has major opposition from many forms in the market including Vodafone, Nokia, Orange and Virgin. I will be able to identify the factors that are going to affect the way my business will operate. This includes legislation that they have to uphold, opportunities and threats presented to them by the European Union, positive and negative effects of monetary, social and competition policies, impact of cultural differences and the way their target market will react to continuous changes in the sports wear industry. My business has a monopolistic stronghold on the market and is able to dictate prices to their customers knowing full well that teenagers and young adults are willing and able to pay for these products because of a greater disposable income. In this assignment I will give my own views on how they should maximise their opportunities and minimise their threats, how they could gain a greater market share in Europe after taking advantage of their own home market. BT Cellnet was created in January 1985 with the aim of providing a quality mobile phone
Listed below are the main results obtained from the marketing research study. Contained in this is a summative list of the important findings for quick reference ability.
Management Summary Listed below are the main results obtained from the marketing research study. Contained in this is a summative list of the important findings for quick reference ability. st or Primary Stage 8 Countries of choice exist as Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Reasons for initial choice being all are in Eurpe, have strong economies, middle - low unemployment, literate and some are landlocked. Before continuing to the next stage the 8 countries are then narrowed down to 4. We initially list the S.L.E.P.T. Factors of all 8 countries, which are detailed in depth within the report. After this procedure was complete we then began the initial stage of deduction using the selection criteria method. For this we had chosen 4 criteria namely Criteria 1 = Literacy/Education, Criteria 2 = Fishing Industry, Criteria 3 = Population Density and finally Criteria 4 which was language. After organising the point score as listed within the report, the countries had now been narrowed down to 4 and consisted of Andorra, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands who scored the top 4 scores from the 8. 2nd Stage The 4 leading countries were then set questionnaires which like the selection criteria gave them points although these are in percentage weight. These results were then plotted on the Boston Matrix Graph and displayed the
Economic and political integration between the member states of the European Union means that these countries have to take joint decisions on many matters. So they have developed common policies in a very wide range of fields - from agriculture to culture
EUROPE Europe has always shown instability as countries have always fought and invented each other. Many European countries were convinced that the only way to secure peace between countries was to unite them economically and politically. On the 19th September 1946 Winston Churchill calls for Untied States of Europe. This was seen as response to what already America was doing. Four years later on the 9th May 1950 French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposes creation of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Countries like Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands ('the Six') sign Treaty establishing European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris) in 18th April 1951. This cooperation was going extremely well and on the 1st of January 1958 in Italy, Rome the Treaty of Rome was formed, six countries signed the treaty setting up European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Another treaty was signed by France and Federal Republic of Germany called the Treaty of Friendship (Elysee Treaty) in 22nd January 1963. The member states were very pleased on how things were running, further more they removed trade barriers between them and forming a "common market". In 1967 the institutions of the three European communities were merged. From this point on, there was a single Commission and a single
What does citizenship mean in the European context?
What does citizenship mean in the European context? Citizenship, broadly speaking, entails liberties, rights or entitlements and duties; and it involves the sense of 'belonging' that is also necessary to full membership of a political community Though nationality and citzenship may overlap ideologically, a recent survey of twelve member states of the EU(Gardner, ed., 1997; see also Qvortrup and Hazell, 1998 on the Nordic League) shows that, in practice, it is not the case that all citizenship rights are reserved for nationals. There is, however, no wholly uniform pattern about which rights are extended by states to resident 'neighbours' from other countries - or duties imposed on them. Rights to vote in General Elections are largely reserved to nationals - as in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. But Irish nationals resident in the UK have always been eligible to vote in British General Elections and British nationals in Ireland have been able to do so since 1985. This restriction also applies in the same countries, plus Ireland, to eligibility to be a candidate. Prior to the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty, non-nationals were allowed, however, to vote and stand in local elections in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain [in limited circumstances], and the UK [Irish and Commonwealth nationals].
