The Institutional Consequences of Domestic Politics on Africa's International Relations and Regional Cooperation.

The Institutional Consequences of Domestic Politics on Africa's International Relations and Regional Cooperation The African States recently resolved to establish a relatively new regional body called the African Union and pursue its goals and objectives. Former members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) constitute the Union. This composition is characterized by Varying social-cultural, economic, religious and political backgrounds-factors which could act as encumbrances to operational capacity of the new Union. Though this new Union might be a product of lessons from the successes and pitfalls of OAU and regional response to globalization process, the consequences on national decision making process of member states, their domestic sovereignty, structures and institutions could be worthy of subjects of analysis. Worthy of examination also are the impacts of domestic political environment characterized by various structures and processes, military capability, population and national wealth, and plural ethnic groups on the power play within and across the African Union. At a general level, this paper examines the aims and objectives of the new African Union as against that of Organization of African Unity. The paper also examines prospects and challenges of the African Union. In particular it looks at the impact of domestic environment, structures and institutions,

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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The doctrine of essential facilities

Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. EVOLUTION OF THE DOCTRINE IN USA JURISPRUDENCE. 3 III. EVOLUTION OF THE ESSENTIAL FACILITIES DOCTRINE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: UNILATERAL REFUSAL TO SUPPLY UNDER ART.82 3 IV. THE REFUSAL TO SUPPLY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: IS MAGILL AN ESSENTIAL FACILITY CASE? 3 V. THE APPLICATION OF THE ESSENTIAL FACILITIES DOCTRINE IN EU CASES 3 VI. THE TURNING POINT: OSCAR BRONNER 3 VII. ASSESSMENT OF THE BRONNER DECISION 3 VIII. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES DOCTRINE: A CRITIQUE 3 IX. CONCLUSION 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 I. Introduction The doctrine of essential facilities, as evolved through the application of Article 82 EC and specifically the prohibition of the refusal to supply, has generated a major debate as to whether it is essential in order to stimulate the competition process to oblige the owner of a facility that cannot practically be duplicated by would-be competitors, to share it on non-discriminatory terms. The objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical analysis of the doctrine as well as the practical consequences of its application in the cases decided by the European authorities. It will be argued that despite the fact that the essential facility doctrine may contravene the freedom of contract, as recognized in contract law, it can be used as a major instrument in the process of liberalization of EU markets and in the

  • Word count: 6347
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Assess the effectiveness of the Arab and Israeli peace initiatives from the 1970s to the 1990s.

Assess the effectiveness of the Arab and Israeli peace initiatives from the 1970s to the 1990s. Piggott, L & Rutland, S. (1998) "One Land: Two Peoples" Australia: Science Press Bickerton, I & Pearson, M.N. (1990) THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT Australia: Longman Cheshire Pty Ltd. CONTESTED SPACES Chapter 7 - The Peace Process 1973-1979 Key Historiographical Issues - the meaning of the Camp David Accords - impact of Likud and the settler movement on the peace process - impact of Palestinian terrorist activity on the peace process In 1973 the Arabs' approach to Israel followed the principles set out in Sept. 1967 Khartoum declaration. No peace with Israel; no recognition of Israel; no negotiations with Israel. Major concerns of Israelis (since 1948): - security of the state - refusal of the Arab states to acknowledge Israel's right to exist There were significant developments between 1973 and 1979. Following the 1973 war, Israel realised it urgently needed to explore ways of achieving peace with its neighbours as the balance of power in the Middle East had shifted in the direction of the Arabs. The Arab-Israeli resolution has become important for international communities e.g. USA, Soviet Union. The Persian Gulf, oil region is critically important to the world economy - Europe imports 85% of its oil needs from the Persian Gulf states and Japan 90%. 1960s - 1970s SU

  • Word count: 6183
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Armed Islamic Group [ Gia ]

ARMED ISLAMIC GROUP [ GIA ] PRESENTED TO : Dr. MARTIN MILLS PRESENTED BY : ANDLIB KHAN Student ID NO : 04935048 ALGERIA AND THE THREAT OF ISLAMIST INSURGENTS Radical Islam is not a novelty in post-colonial Algeria .1Islam has long been associated with politics in Algeria,served as a source of national identity and, as in so many other Muslim societies, was also the natural cultural rallying point of Algerian resistance to colonial control.The post-liberation Algerian state, despite its strong socialist orientation, explicitly recognised Islam in the constitution as a pillar of state and society.2 Ideologically the Algerian Muslim Fundamentalist are among the most radical in North Africa .Unlike their Egyptian or Tunisian counterparts they advocate a complete restructuring of society "in an attempt to realize the City of God on Earth."3 The emergence of the Islamic movement in Algeria has largely been attributed to the disillusionment of the masses with the prolonged rule of the FLN.(National Liberation Front).The FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) the largest and most active political party ,was created in March 1989 in Algeria.It adopted a strategy to first win over municipalities(elections of 1990)4.and then create an Islamic state ruled by the Sharia, Islam's sacred law . Since then religion and politics have played an intertwined and complex role in Algerian

  • Word count: 6155
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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The Labour Party.

Political Parties 2002 ~ Research Project The Labour Party Brief history of Party: * The Labour Party was founded in 1900 after several generations of preparatory trade unions. * It elected 29 members to parliament in 1906 and in the two elections of 1910 it elected 40 and 42 members. * In 1924 it formed its first government, with Ramsay MacDonald as prime minister, nevertheless the government only lasted a few months but in 1929 they were re-elected. * In 1945 it won an overwhelming electoral victory where Attlee became prime minister for the party's first majority government. * During the time of their opposition in power i.e. the conservatives in 1955 and 1959, the part almost split between right and left during this time. Then when Attlee retired the right-winger, Hugh Gaitskell became the party leader. * Harold Wilson then became party leader after Gaitskell's death in 1963, where he was able to lead the party to victory in 1964. * The party lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 elections and remained in the opposition until late 1997. * When Michael Foot became party leader in 1980, the party moved sharply to the left but the party split with the SDP formed and leaving some left-wingers left over, the party faced a crushing defeat in the 1983 election. * Michael Foot then resigned and was succeeded by Neil Kinnock where Kinnock

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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priministers power

Prime Ministerial Power Notes on the use of this study material Sections 1-3 make important points about the nature of UK government which bestows great power on the executive and there is an outline of the functions of the PM. This is all basic and essential material. Sections 4-7 detail evidence for and against the view that the Prime Minister has become so personally powerful that he has become a Presidential figure. The central arguments should be known with some evidence. Section 8 is a conclusion. . The Nature of Parliamentary Government Party Dominates o The crucial constitutional feature of contemporary Britain -is that there is no separation of powers between the executive and legislature as there is in the U.S.A. In Britain the executive (or government) consists of the leadership of the largest party in the Commons. o The dominant 'fact' of British political life is that party dominates the Commons - the leadership of the majority party is the government; the leadership of the next biggest party - the official Opposition - want to be the government as well as opposing the government in the short term . o The Commons is primarily therefore the 'cockpit' of two-party struggle with the votes of backbenchers on the government side ensuring that the government can effectively govern - i.e. pass its proposals into law - with the backbenchers of the major

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Extent of key political ideas in directly influencing change and development .

Extent of key political ideas in directly influencing change and development . Certainly, to an extent it could be said that key political ideas directly influenced change and development in the period 1848-1939. Clearly, in this period, ideologies such as Nationalism, Liberalism, Fascism, Nazism and Socialism were rife and it is inevitable that such a growth in these doctrines will lead to change. However, it is evident that whilst the rise of nationalism led to the unification's of Italy and Germany, and the rise of the dictatorships of Mussolini and Hitler can be attributed to a growth in popularity of the Fascist doctrine, other factors may have influenced these changes to a greater degree than the ideologies themselves. Indeed, in the short run, the rise of the dictatorships had little to do with the ideology, and more to do with the pragmatic approach of both Hitler and Mussolini. Furthermore, it is evident that ideologies such as Nationalism and Fascism did not affect every country in Europe in the same way; indeed Britain remained comparatively unaffected by both doctrines, unlike Germany and Italy. Indeed, it could be argued that it wasn't key political ideas that influenced change and development, but instead the growing intellectualism of the period, which made pragmatic change necessary. Certainly, to an extent it could be said that key political ideas directly

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  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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An examination of British policy with regard to European Unity during the period 1945 to 1949: Why did Britain did Britain diverge from the emerging European Community and was it justified in doing so?

An examination of British policy with regard to European Unity during the period 1945 to 1949: Why did Britain did Britain diverge from the emerging European Community and was it justified in doing so? British policy towards Europe has been described as half-hearted and even compared to "haphazard meanderings" (Dell, 1995: 69) since 1948. In many ways British policy was unclear and confusing during the immediate post war period. During 1946 and 1947 Britain appeared to be a strong advocate of European unity; indeed it was a leader of Western Europe and generally assumed that Britain would continue to play such a role. It was Churchill who's request for "a kind of United States of Europe" during his 1946 speech in Zurich, whom not only sent out a positive message regarding union within Europe but was also one of the founding father's of the concept. During this time "Britain was regarded as the leader of Western Europe" (Croft, 1988: 617). Britain had come out of the war relatively unscathed and was considered the strongest European nation during this time. Having attained wartime prestige and maintained political strength Britain had "placed herself in the vanguard of the movement to achieve European Unity". Newman potently displays her assets: "She could have played a determining role in shaping the institutional form of a new community" and "others would

  • Word count: 5831
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Explain fully and clearly the importance of negotiation within industrial relations to resolve disputes

E1: Explain fully and clearly the importance of negotiation within industrial relations to resolve disputes For this section I will discuss why negotiations are important to resolve disputes. I will use examples of the current day disputes, which include teacher and fireman strikes. Disputes arise due to problems with hours of work, pay, conditions, unfair dismissal, discrimination, productivity, health and safety, and redundancy. The people involved in industrial relations are employees, the trade union they belong to, the employer and the government. Trade Unions which employees can join at work to try and improve wages, working conditions, and the working environment. The aims of these trade unions are to protect wage values, control hours of work, checking health and safety and representing its members. None of these aims can be met unless negotiating with employers and the government are made. It is important to negotiate disputes for many reasons. It is important not to disrupt the services that are provided for the public. The fire fighting service has now been affected which is dangerous as peoples lives are at risk. The teaching service has also been affected because they were made to go on strike for an increase of London allowance. Negotiations make the workforce happy which means they will do a better job and become more efficient. The government want this

  • Word count: 5727
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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The Winnipeg General Strike.

The Winnipeg General Strike The province of Manitoba has endured a tumultuous history. It was born as a result of the Riel rebellion and its capital city, Winnipeg, was the sight of the only general strike in Canadian history. The Winnipeg General Strike, which took place shortly after the end of the Great War, brought, in the eyes of some, the specter of revolution to Canada. In the end, however, the strike was, from a labour standpoint, an abject failure, as virtually no long-term gains were made.1 It is difficult to comprehend how this strike, which lasted from May-June 1919 and began with between twenty-four and thirty thousand workers walking off the job (only 12,000 of whom were unionized)2, could end in failure but, when the events of the strike are examined in detail, it becomes apparent that the strike leaders themselves were, ultimately, responsible for their lack of success as they continually took steps which undermined their ability to force a resolution on their own terms. Labour unrest had been rampant in Winnipeg for many years and, although trade unions had made some modest gains, it was the employers, backed by government and the courts, who usually emerged victorious from the numerous work stoppages which took place. Employers, in fact, relied on the courts as a means of settling labour disputes to such a degree that Winnipeg became known, in colloquial

  • Word count: 5591
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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