Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory
Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (12 marks) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model suggests that long-term memory and short-term memory are like hypothetical stores of information. They believe that memory has three stages; sensory memory, short-term and long-term memory. Information first enters sensory memory where it undergoes encoding and then transfers to short-term memory. Once there it’s rehearsed or verbally repeated in order to undergo further encoding before being transferred to long-term memory, otherwise it will decay. A big aspect of the model was rehearsal; information can’t reach long-term memory unless it’s rehearsed. The more it’s rehearsed, the longer the memory will be as the trace becomes stronger. The model has been criticised as lacking ecological validity because the evidence for the model comes mainly from laboratory based experiments using meaningless verbal data. It’s also criticised as being simplistic; the model assumes that both short and long term memory consist of individual stores made up of one component each, but research into the working memory model has demonstrated that short-term memory possibly consists of different components. Peterson and Peterson’s research supports the role of rehearsal. They found that when groups of participants were asked to recall words
Outline and evaluate the working memory model
Outline and evaluate the working memory model. The working memory model (WMM), proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, is a functional model which focuses on the components of short- term memory. The main component is the central executive (CE), which directs attention to information and determine how information will be allocated. There are 3 slave systems under the CE which are specialised to carry out a particular task and manipulate and analyse information. The slave systems are the phonological loop which deals with auditory information. It is further sub- divided into the phonological store, which deals with auditory information, while the articulatory process (inner voice) rehearses the information from the phonological store. Then there is the visuo- spatial sketchpad stores and manipulate visual and spatial information. Lastly the episodic buffer is an extra storage that has in common with all the working memory units, limited capacity. It integrates information from the CE and all the other slave systems. One of the strengths of the working memory model is that there is evidence for the existence of the key components of this model of memory. For example, Baddeley et al. demonstrated the existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad. In the study the participants had to track a moving light with a pointer whilst visualising the letter F (task 1) or doing a verbal task (Task
Outline and evaluate the working memory model
Outline and evaluate the working memory model The WMM is an attempt to explain how STM is organized and how it functions. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) devised the WMM, which developed on Shiffrin and Atkinson’s view that STM was a single unitary store. In the WMM, there are four main components, which are the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer, which was added to the model in 2001. The central executive is the component of the WMM that coordinates the slave system. The phonological loop processes auditory information, including both written and spoken material. It is divided into the phonological store and the articulatory process. The visuospatial sketchpad processes visual and spatial information in a mental space and is divided into the visual cache and the inner scribe. The episodic buffer brings together material from other subsystems into a single memory rather than separate strands. It also provides a link between working memory and LTM. There is empirical evidence to support that working memory has separate components, functionally and anatomically. Support for the WMM comes from Shallice and Warrington’s (1970) case study on patient KF. Patient KF was a patient suffering from brain damage due to a biking accident, which meant their ability to process verbal and acoustic information was damaged. Patient KF could process
Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia.
"Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of schizophrenia" There are two methods in treating schizophrenia; biologically or psychologically. One way to treat schizophrenia biologically is by antipsychotic medication. This therapy involves the use of drugs; conventional and atypical drugs. Conventional drugs bind to dopamine receptors, blocking their action. Reducing stimulation of dopamine in the brain helps to remove signs of hallucinations and delusions. Conventional drugs are primarily used to combat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms are thoughts, behaviours, or sensory perceptions present in a person with schizophrenia, but not present in people in the normal population. Atypical antipsychotic drugs also act on dopamine but also block serotonin in the brain. Atypical drugs are thought to have lower levels of side effects such as tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movement in body parts). Atypical drugs not only work on positive symptoms but also negative symptoms. Negative symptoms affect the behaviour, feelings or perception of the person with schizophrenia. Many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of both conventional and atypical drugs by comparing the relapse rates of those on medication and those on placebos. Placebos are fake medication. Davis (1980) found a significant difference in terms of relapse rates
Psychology Coursework
Investigating the effects of Context-dependent Forgetting Project brief for psychology coursework PB1: Identify the aim of the research and state the experimental/alternative Aim: to investigate recall of words within the same environment, in which they are learnt, and in a different environment. Consequently, we will see if context affects recall. Alternative hypothesis: Participants who carry out recall within the same room as they are learnt, will be more successful than the contrary group. Null hypothesis: There will be no difference in word recall between the two groups. Any difference will do due to chance alone. PB2: Explain why a directional or a non-directional experimental/alternative hypothesis has been selected. (1 mark) A directional hypothesis was chosen, as there is previous research to support the idea that context influences recall of information, for example: the work of Abernathy (1940) and Godden and Baddeley (1975). PB3: Identify the chosen research method (experimental, quasi-experimental, natural experiment, survey, observation, content analysis or correlation research) and, if appropriate, the design used. (1 mark) The chosen research method is a laboratory experiment, enabling control over confounding variables. Additionally, my chosen research design is an independent groups, which prevents any
The working memory model
Strengths The working memory model is high in face validity, this means that the model seems plausible. In this case, it seems plausible because it fits with everyday experience of manipulating information when solving problems, with short term memory as a dynamic process rather than a static store. For example, Baddeley (1997) suggests that mentally counting the number of windows in your house (or flat) demonstrates the operations of working memory. Normally a person will imagine each room in turn, forming a mental image of each window (Visuospatial sketchpad), they will count using the phonological loop to rehearse the numbers and this will all be coordinated by the Central Executive. Another advantage of the Working Memory model is that verbal rehearsal is not necessary for all types of information - just verbal strings - this fits better with our everyday experience. For example, we do not have to rehearse everything that happens to us because events are processed by the episodic buffer. Empirical Evidence Baddeley (1975) found that participants' memory span for visually presented one-syllable words was greater than for polysyllabic words (words with more than one syllable). This suggests that the articulatory loop is only able to hold limited number of syllable chunks. However, later studies showed that memory span for words like "Cricket" and "Bishop" was greater
To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory?
To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory? The multi model store was created by Atkinsom and Shiffrin in 1968. The model shows three parts of memory, which are; Sensory Model, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory. Sensory memory is the shortest term of memory. The memory receives from the five senses; sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. However the information is only stored for a short time. Moreover the short term memory can only store information for a few seconds, the information can be stored longer if it is rehearsed, when information is repeated of the Long Term Memory into the Short term Memory, this shows that we are able to recall information from long time ago , this is called retrieval. Glazner and Cuniz in 1966, the study was to prove that short-term and long term memory could be separated in two different memories. They had two groups of participants, each of them were giving the same lists of words. As group A was tested on immediate recall and group B recalled after 30 seconds in which they have to complete the task the teams. Participants that were presented with words at a 3 second rate were more likely to remember the first words of the list than participants presented with the words at a 2 second rate. This is because they were able to remember the first words more. The sample had lack of
To What Extent Does the Multi Store Model Offer A Reasonable Account of Human Memory?
To What Extent Does the Multi Store Model Offer A Reasonable Account of Human Memory? The Multi Store Model was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It states that there are three parts to memory: Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory. Sensory Memory receives information from all five senses, but only stores this information for a very brief period of time. If attention is paid to the information, it is transferred to the Short Term Memory, which according to Miller (1977) can store about seven items. However, the Short Term Memory can only store information for a few seconds, so for information to be stored longer it needs to be transferred to the Long Term Memory. For this to happen the information has to be rehearsed. When information is recalled out of the Long Term Memory into the Short Term Memory it is called retrieval; this explains how we are able to recall information from a long time ago. The strengths of the Multi Store Model are that it has a large amount of supporting evidence. The case study of Clive Wearing, by Baddeley (1990), supports the idea that for information to be stored in the Long Term Memory it must move through the Short Term Memory. This is because Clive Wearing's hippocampus was damaged by an infection, resulting in his loss of ability to transfer information. Another piece of supporting evidence was a study by Glanzer and
To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory?
Psychology Homework/supplementary study To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory? Multi-store memory (MSM) illustrates the three memory stores which we apply to accommodate information we pick up - this idea was projected by Atkinson and Shriffin in 1968. It has been established that sensory storage holds the information collected by our senses (eyes, nose, ears etc). This type of memory store is continually receiving new data, but the majority of it is ignored. The information gathered only stays in the sensory store for a very short episode of time, it is either disregarded or if the individuals' attention is focused on one of the senses it will be transferred to STM. So the primary step of remembering is paying attention in the first place. Information is then moved from STM to LTM. This is done through rehearsal, where the same incident occurs repeatedly so that is remembered more easily. Atkinson and Shriffin said that the more frequent the information is rehearsed the more accurate it recalled, therefore showing a direct link between retrieval in STM and the strength in LTM. This shows that memory works with three stores; sensory memory, STM and LTM. There have been many studies which have concluded that there are three different memory stores, showing the model is significant. Several studies found that certain
What is Psychology ?
Introduction to Psychology Psychology is defined as 'both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour '(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology) that is being applied more to our everyday lives. Psychology is being used in many different settings, such as clinical, occupational and educational and is being used to improve humans' lives in many different ways. Psychology has 'more major ethical issues associated with research... than in most other scientific disciplines' (Eysenck 2000). Firstly, psychologists work with living creatures (both humans and animals) that all have the right to be treated in a respectful manner. Secondly, 'research may reveal what seems to be unpleasant or unacceptable facts about human nature' and thirdly, 'psychological research may lead to the discovery of powerful techniques that can be used for purposes of social control' (Eysenck 2000). Humans' are immensely complicated creatures and great care has to be taken in the way that the research is carried out. Usually 'most ethical problems in human research stem from the participant being typically in a much less powerful position than the experimenter' (Eysenck 2000). The B.P.S (British Psychological Society) introduced a set of ethics that must be adhered to by all psychologists when studying either humans or animals. These ethics are
