Job stress
Job stress has proven to be a difficult issue for the workplaces and the labor movement to tackle. Unlike physical or chemical hazards, there is not an obvious tangible hazardous agent. This issue has also been preempted by corporate stress management, health promotion, or employee assistance programs, which explain stress as a purely personal reaction, and often treat the symptoms, not the causes, of job stress. The occupational stress field also has been plagued by a variety of definitions and difficulties in measurement of stress.(Buunk,De-Jong,Y-Bemas&De wolff,1998) In addition, changes in job design or work organization are often inherently more "systems challenging" and require more radical restructuring of workplaces than reducing levels of exposure to toxic substances or ergonomic hazards. According to Mclean (1979) stress affect everyone in the workplace whether blue collar or white collar workers. Hughes (1971, p342) supported Mclean by stating that" the essential problems of men at work are the same whether they do their work in some famous laboratory or in the messiest vat room of a pickle factory" So this essay will review the major explanations that have been given for the higher rates of stress amongst working women's based of the interview conducted on south African female worker. Part one of this paper will discuss how the factors such as Gender's, race,
Bandura Essay
Laura Henderson Psychology Bandura Essay A) The Bandura study aimed to see if children copying aggression that they see in adults. In the study a male or female model was aggressive toward a bobo doll, the children were then observed to see if they imitated any behaviour shown by the model, or if they were/weren't aggressive. There were also 2 control groups, one of which had seen a non aggressive male/female model and another group was observed after seeing no model. The results showed that the children were more aggressive when they had seen the aggressive model. Boys were, on average, more aggressive than girls. The gender of the model also had an affect on the behaviour of the children. Boys were more aggressive (both verbally and physically) when they had seen the aggressive male model. Girls were more physically aggressive when they had seen the aggressive male model BUT were more verbally aggressive when they had seen the aggressive female model. B) Snapshot studies can be very useful for looking at specific details of behaviour or if the experimenters are lacking time and money. There are, however some problems of snapshot studies, like the one carried out by Bandura. 1. Snapshot studies are time specific; this means that the results are dependant on whatever is going on at the time. For example the mood of the participants or experimenter can change on a daily
My Opinions On Smoking And Drinking
Awo Mohamed 8th November 2005 My Opinions On Smoking And Drinking I, personally think that smoking and drinking should be banned from the world. I don't want to be in their company, if I am in a room with a smoker, I am smoking too, I am breathing in their poison even when I don't want to. Smoking and drinking bring nothing but makes problems. More people are getting killed everyday, people lose their mother's, dad's brothers and any other member of their family because of smoking and drinking. it is an addictive drug and very hard to give up when you start. If the government made it against the law, that would be a start. People spend millions and millions of pounds on smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol. One way to stop people from smoking would be to make it very, very expensive- say about twenty pounds per packet. Then if they still want to smoke and kill themselves, their money can be used to help sick children or to build hospitals. Children at the age of ten start smoking these days and they are being sold cigarettes and alcohol at these ages. Children think they are big and grown-up and clever when they smoke. They shouldn't have smoking in films maybe then they wouldn't copy. Children at the age of fifteen suffer from all kinds of illnesses including cancer and even some born as disabled or handicapped because their mum smoked when she was pregnant.
The rise of Single Parenthood in Contemporary Britain.
Charlene Douglas Sociology Block A Mr Shields The rise of Single Parenthood in Contemporary Britain Sociology has given us insights into our understanding of the rise in single parenthood in Contemporary Britain. Single-parent families have become increasingly common in Britain. According to government statistics, in 1961, 2 per cent of the population lived in households consisting of a lone parent with dependent children, but by 1998 this had more than tripled to 7 per cent. According to Hantrais and Letablier (1996), Britain has the second highest rate of lone parenthood in Europe, and is exceeded only by Denmark, and rates in countries such as France, Greece and Portugal are much lower than those of Britain are. Children may start their life living in a single-parent family. However, the single parent may well find a new partner and marry them or cohabit with them. The child will then end up living with two parents. It should also be noted that many children who live in a single-parent household do see and spend time with their other parent. Further more even in two-parent families, one parent (usually the mother) might be responsible for the vast majority of the childcare. There are many reasons why lone parenthood can come about. People who are married can become lone parents by divorce, separation or death of a spouse. Lone parents who have never been married
Mrs. Warren's profession - Creative writing.
Mrs. Warren's Profession Creative Writing (1st Draft) 0 years later in London, Vivie is married to a businessman, who shares the same interests as she. Vivie is now herself a mother of two children, but doest give up her job as an accountant at Honoria Fraser, so she does her work at home and is at the same time a housewife. This is a challenge for Vivie, but she manages perfectly well. One night in the children's bedroom... Children: Mommy, Mommy, tell us a good-night story! Vivie: Once upon a time, there was a little girl, who lived separated from her mother. She was brought up by foster-parents because her own mother didn't have time for her, so she never had a close relationship with her real mother. The little girl grew up with no beauty or romance in her life, she was only interested in factual things, especially mathematics, which was unconventional at that time. This might sound sad to other people, but this girl wasn't sad at all, she was satisfied with her own achievements and proud that she, as a woman, had made it so far in the male-dominated fields. She has reached her goals, she graduated from Cambridge with a wrangler and she was about to work for Honoria Fraser in London as an accountant. This girl was not like other girls, she was special and outstanding because she enjoyed working hard and getting paid for it. But then after 21 years her mother returned
"Everything that is legal is not necessarily ethical" Critically discuss this statement, drawing on your knowledge and understanding of ethical and legal issues relating to research with children and young people.
JACQUELYN KNIGHTON U4222403 TMA03 OPTION 1 - "Everything that is legal is not necessarily ethical" Critically discuss this statement, drawing on your knowledge and understanding of ethical and legal issues relating to research with children and young people. In considering this question it is first important to define what is meant by legal, what is legal and what is not legal or illegal. Then it will be necessary to define what is meant by ethical, does the term ethical have different connotations in different circumstances or does it mean different things to different people? How are both legal and ethical characterised with regard to research involving children and young people. Having done this it should be possible to consider the statement and conclude if it is true or an exaggeration. Masson in (Fraser et al 2004 pg 42) states that including child participants in research as respondents or interviewers raises legal dilemmas and ethical issues about children's rights and the obligation of those carrying out the research. According to Masson there is a strong relationship between the law and ethics, but not all that is legal can be said to be ethical. Ethical practices seek to reach a higher plane than merely attaining legality. Having first ensured that what they plan is legal, researchers must then ensure that the research achieves the ethical standards which are
Within late modernity, boundaries between adults and children have become even more contested" (Matthews et al. 2000). Discuss this quote, exploring the ways in which children are represented as becoming less child-like.
A popular field of study in sociology involves the transition of childhood into adulthood where sociologists are keen to explore the rate at which children are becoming less 'child-like' together with the increasing diminishment of childhood completely. An evident shift in the notion of 'childhood' has taken place in the past decade resulting in the breakdown of the boundaries between adulthood and childhood. Whilst a number of researchers including Postman (1983) and Winn (1984) argue that certain variables in today's society, such as technology, are facilitating the obliteration of 'childhood', this viewpoint is hotly disputed by a range of writers including Papert (1993) who instead suggest that technology is a means of children's liberation. This has lead to an ongoing debate where sociologists are deliberating the area within which the line falls between childhood and adulthood. The omnipresence of children has existed in society across both time and space; however the concept of 'childhood' is nevertheless a relatively recent phenomenon that arose within the seventeenth century. According to Aries (1960/1994), the Middle Ages held no collective perception of children as being essentially different to anyone else. He stated that once a child could "live without the constant solitude of his mother" he then "belonged to adult society". Children were seen and treated as
What Is Hard Determinism?
What Is Hard Determinism? There are several viewpoints which consider whether we are free when making decisions and taking courses of action. One of these perspectives is hard determinism. J. Mackie described hard determinism as: 'The view that all actions are explicable in terms of their causes and are therefore inevitable' (J. Mackie) This outlines the basic idea that no action or decision is free. This is based upon the notion that for an action to happen there are a series of factors that ensure the occurrence of that action: '...all our choices, decisions, intentions, other mental events, and our actions are no more than effects of other necessitated events' (T. Honderich) Therefore we are not free to act as we wish due to our actions being determined previously by prior events. As Ekstrom suggested, apparent forking paths appear in life, which seem to give us our own choice, however we are conditioned to take the path we choose by such factors as our upbringing and culture, so our choice is not one of our own but rather that of conditioning. For example, a simple action such as choosing what to wear in the morning may appear on the surface a 'free' choice but on closer inspection it is not at all. We are all affected initially by our social and environmental background; taking into account current trends, our peers and even the environment and activities of the
Fashion review
FASHION Fashion is very important in our everyday lives. In the modern day we would like to think we can tell a lot about a person by the way that they are dressed. But sometimes this is not always the case. A person can be completely different on the inside to what they look like on the outside. You might not notice it but people walking down the street look at you and judge you straight away. I think that this is not right and very unfair on certain people. Fashion is all about image and what we look like when we are in public. The clothes that we choose restrict us from going into certain shops that sell cheap clothes which our friends would not wear. We tend to think just because the piece of clothing is cheaperand it is not as good of quality. And this is ofen wrong. Sometimes I think people worry too much about what they look like and what other people think of them. Many families now a days who have teenage children are finding it increasingly hard to cope with the demands which the children make. many families have to take out huge loans to meet these demands. This sometimes leads to debts which which they can't afford to repay. My opinion is that if the children knew the stress it was putting on there families they would not demand as much. People are on longer paying for a good piece of clothing. Now
What impact does violence on television have on children?
Uyen Le 02/25/03 English Period 4 What impact does violence on television have on children? Violence on television influence children's behavior both positive and negatively. They can watch the shows and learn from what they see. TV violence has been related to the aggressive behavior in children, although it is not clear how much of an impact TV violence actually has." Parents need to spend a great deal more time helping their children ready themselves for what the real world has in store for them, rather then let them sit in front of the television watching the orchestrated events that take place in the WWF," said by Robert McStocker, a sixth grade teacher. Young children who are allowed to watch a lot of violence and see it in their lives may think that it is the appropriate way to act, so they become what they see and hear. Children begin watching television at a very early age, sometimes as early as six months. According to audience rating surveys (Nielsen, 1988), the typical American household has the television set on for more than seven hours each day and children age 2 to 11 spend an average of 28 hours per week viewing (Andreasen, 1990; Condry, 1989; Liebert & Sprafkin, 1988). According to Gerbner's initial analysis (Gerbner, 1972), eight out of every ten plays broadcast during the survey period in 1969 contained some form of violence, and eight episodes of
