Outline the clinical characteristics of depression or schizophrenia?

psychodynamic approach by Freud states that depression is linked to grief and loss, such as a loss of a relationship. The anger they would have felt towards the person is repressed and becomes anger that they take out on themselves. The feelings of worthlessness occur because they are alone and have lost the dependent feelings they would have when being in a relationship and this creates the anger that they have inside which will make them vulnerable to depression. Freud describes that there are two types of losses and they are one of a relationship such as death and the other is symbolic losses such a job. Either of these losses were believed to trigger childhood experiences of loss of affection such as from a parent which I think is true because when people experience the feelings of worthlessness it will remind them of the worthlessness they felt when they were young and this could also contribute to the anger that they have got themselves in a situation that has resulted in the same feelings. To avoid loss an individual needs to engage in a period of mourning which could cut out the journey of going through the anger which would lead to the feelings of depression, so recall of memories of lost is needed so that this will cause then to be separated from the lost person reducing their inner-anger. There is evidence that does show depression is caused by experiencing losses such as Finlay-Jones and Brown found that depressed people had more stressful life events a year before the onset of depression and was also found that half of these stressful events were experiences of losses. Details of the psychodynamic approach have been shown to be incorrect as Freud claimed that these feelings of repressed anger would have appeared in their dreams but this was not found by Beck and Ward. Another prediction that was made by Freud is that the anger and hostility that a depressed person felt should be expressed mainly towards themselves however though Weissman, Klerman and Bifulco et al. found that they expressed the anger and hostility towards those close to them. This explanation is limited because no evidence of genetic factors is being used.  Lastly was found by Freud that those who experience major losses in the early part of their lives are more likely and vulnerable to develop clinical depression in their adult hood but this evidence was found to inconsistent by Crook and Eliot. Another explanation is the cognitive approach which was put forward by Abramson who had used Seligman’s work to develop the learned helplessness theory by focusing on the thoughts of the people experiencing it and showing that people respond differently to failure in a variety of ways such as an individual may apply the failure to an internal cause where they feel that it is their own fault. An individual could also apply failure to a stable cause which is something that is likely to continue in the future (such as someone’s moodiness could be a permanent feature of their character)  or could be an unstable cause which means that it may easily change in to the future (moodiness is only caused because of the upcoming exams). Lastly an individual may apply their failure to a global cause where they apply to a wide range of situations such as being angry with everyone. It is said that people with learned helplessness apply their failure to internal, stable and global causes showing that they blame themselves for the failure and that this will be a persistent thing which causes influence of most of situations that will occur in the future. Those who experience learned helplessness have pessimistic and negative views on the world making them easy victims of depression.  According to Beck and Clark people have depressive schemas which consist of organized information that is stored in their long term memory of a cognitive triad which means that a person will have negative feelings of themselves, the world and the future. However cause and effect with this theory as it is argued whether the negative views and feelings cause the depression or it’s the depression that makes an individual feel these negative feeling and views. But it was found by evidence that depression causes the negative thoughts and not the other way round. However it was found by Seligman that negative attribution that was experienced in older children was predicted having the development of depressive symptoms in responses to a stressful life event; therefore it concludes that these negative thoughts can make an individual vulnerable to depression.