What is Hypnosis?
This essay will start off with a definition of “what is hypnosis?” I will then look at the brief history of hypnosis and go into describing the various psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis. I will conclude the essay by discussing the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy. “Hyp-no-sis: is defined as an artificially induced trance state resembling sleep, characterized by heightened susceptibility to suggestion. (Fritscher 2009). (Waterfield 2002) defines it as magnetism (de Puysegur, etc.), monoideism (Braid), a form of sleep (Liebeault, Vogt, etc), nothing but a state of passive suggestibility, with selective attention and reduced planning function (Bernheim, Gauld), hysteria (Charcot), a form of dissociation (Janet, Myers, James Sidis, Prince, Hilgard, etc), a loving, possibly Oedipal, relationship with the therapist (Freud, Ferenczi), a state of inhibition between sleep and wakefulness (Pavlov), nothing but task-motivation (early Barber), nothing but a goal-directed, role-playing fantasy (White, Spanos, Sarbin and Coe), activation of the implicit memory system (Spiegel). Hypnosis has been practised for hundreds of years; however it was only brought to the western world by Franz Anton Mesmer (1733-1815). (Waterfield 2002) In the early 1770s Mesmer’s patient Francisca Oesterlin went to him suffering from, “In Mesmer’s own words, from ‘constant
What is Psychology ?
Introduction to Psychology Psychology is defined as 'both an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour '(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology) that is being applied more to our everyday lives. Psychology is being used in many different settings, such as clinical, occupational and educational and is being used to improve humans' lives in many different ways. Psychology has 'more major ethical issues associated with research... than in most other scientific disciplines' (Eysenck 2000). Firstly, psychologists work with living creatures (both humans and animals) that all have the right to be treated in a respectful manner. Secondly, 'research may reveal what seems to be unpleasant or unacceptable facts about human nature' and thirdly, 'psychological research may lead to the discovery of powerful techniques that can be used for purposes of social control' (Eysenck 2000). Humans' are immensely complicated creatures and great care has to be taken in the way that the research is carried out. Usually 'most ethical problems in human research stem from the participant being typically in a much less powerful position than the experimenter' (Eysenck 2000). The B.P.S (British Psychological Society) introduced a set of ethics that must be adhered to by all psychologists when studying either humans or animals. These ethics are
Work Experience.
Work Experience It was a few days before everyone was going to be going off to their placements for work experience. I had butterflies in my stomach at the thought of going to a new environment, with new people. I was worried but excited at the same time. Monday came and I woke up extra early as not to be late for my first day at Ruislip Garden's Primary School. As it was my first day my mum gave me a lift. A thousand things were going through my mind at this time. I was trying to imagine what it would be like and how I should act. As we pulled up my stomach was turning and I just wanted to get my mum to turn around and go back home, but I didn't let my mind take over the matter and I got out of the car and pressed the buzzer. I was trembling with fear and I felt like I had transformed instantly from a young lady to a little child again. I heard a voice from the buzzer say, 'Can I help you?' and I knew that this was it, my chance to show how mature and hardworking I can be. I replied with a shaky voice 'I am here for work experience' and then the doors unlocked and I entered the school. I had a quick glance around and my first impressions were that it seemed like a nice, bright school. I started to feel less nervous as I approached the office. A nice lady then instructed me that every morning I would have to sign in as a fire precaution. After signing in I was allocated to
Work Experience Report.
John Greenfield Work Experience Report For my work experience I went to the Archaeological Resource Centre (or ARC for short) in York. It is a museum owned by the York Archaeological Trust, who also owns the Jorvik Centre. It is not an ordinary museum, but one especially for school trips. Special demonstrations are given to the children and they get to handle real artefacts from many years ago. The building is a converted church. To get there, I had to get an early bus at 7:00am. I arrived at 8:15am, but didn't need to get to the ARC till 9:15am. On the first day I had some trouble getting in, because I couldn't find the front door. After walking around the site for 5 minutes I finally realised that the big wooden main gate at the front was in fact the door, so I rang the bell. Once inside I was escorted into the staff room, which is a small room hidden in a far corner on the top floor. There were 8 other work experience students in there already, who had obviously worked out how to get in. I was given a twenty-page booklet and was told to read it. It was the health and safety guide for the building. There was a very funny article in it, which told you what to do incase of terrorist attacks, which I did not think I would need to learn. After I had read the health and safety guide, and finished introducing myself, I was given my sweatshirt and taken downstairs into the
World War One Sources Questions
Question 1 Why did the British Government decide to evacuate children from Britain's major cities, in the early years of WW2? On the 1st of September Britain declared war on Germany. This declaration started many fears and concerns for how people would live their lives, when they were surrounded by war. One of the main concerns was the safety, and the welfare of the children. The government started to evacuate children from London, Coventry, Southampton, Plymouth, and Liverpool. These concerns came because the Government feared that there would be heavy bombing on these major cities. This was because of the recent wars in Spain and the Far East, where towns and cities were attrociously bombed. The Government took precautions long before the war began. The countryside was where it was thought to be safer, so plans were being made to evacuate vulnerable people into 'foster' homes. Parents weren't so keen to send away they're loved ones, so government used propaganda such as leaflets, posters, and messages on the radio to make some parents realise how important evacuation was. People who were fortunate enough to have family and friends who live in the country, made their own arrangements to stay with them. Other people considered going to countries which weren't involved in the war, such as Canada and Australia. In the first year of the Second World War 800,000 school
With reference to evidence from psychological research, evaluate the significance of working with computers for children's learning in the classroom
With reference to evidence from psychological research, evaluate the significance of working with computers for children's learning in the classroom The role of technology in childhood education is a controversial topic, and both parents and educators have concerns about the potential benefits or harm to young children. Critics contend that technology in schools wastes time, money and childhood itself by speeding up the pace and cutting down on essential learning experiences (Cordes & Miller, 2000; Healy, 1998). Proponents suggest that children should have the advantages that new technologies can offer. There is also some concern that modern technology is not being used in the best ways, or obtaining the expected results (Healy, 1998). This essay will review the considerations for technology use in childhood education and will address the question of whether computers can replace more traditional teaching methods. Both critics and proponents of computers in the classroom agree on the importance of the early years in a child's physical, social-emotional, language, and cognitive development. Perhaps the area of development most researched in relation to computer use has been that of cognitive development and the question of how modern technology is affecting children's minds. Are computers being used to enhance and hasten cognitive development, or are they detracting from
With reference to recent research, discuss the ways in which drugs affect human behaviour
PSCY 1223 - Learning & Biological Psychology: With reference to recent research, discuss the ways in which drugs affect human behaviour. Behaviour is psychologically defined as "the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation." According to behavioural psychologists, our behaviour solely consists of stimulus - response (S-R) mechanisms which basically means that when presented with a stimulus, it is human nature to respond to it. For example, if we touch a hot plate accidentally (the stimulus) we quickly move our hand away (the response). Another stimulus that affects our behaviour is drugs. When a chemical stimulus acts at a specific area of the Central Nervous System (CNS), it produces a specific response. The responses produced vary between individuals and manage to affect behaviour. All human behaviour and emotions are controlled by neurotransmitters that act as keys between neurons. The amount of each neurotransmitter in the brain is precisely controlled by numerous feedback mechanisms, in a similar way to how a thermostat maintains a certain temperature in a room. Drugs are substances that disturb this delicate balance, because they have "passkeys" that let them open certain "locks" located between the neurons. The brain automatically adjusts to these substances from outside the body by producing fewer of its own
Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. (12 marks)
7th September 2013 Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory. (12 marks) The multi-store model of memory consists of three different stores: sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory. This model was created by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) and describes the process of memory in terms of information being passed through a system. Information from the environment is detected by sense organs and enters the sensory store. If this information is acknowledged or paid attention to, it enters the short-term memory. This information should stay in the short-term memory, if rehearsed for maintenance, for zero to eighteen seconds. If the rehearsal is elaborative, the information transfers to the long-term memory in which the capacity and duration is unlimited. However, if rehearsal does not occur in any moment of the stores, the information is either forgotten or lost from the short-term memory through decay or displacement. A particular strength of this model is that it is supported by evidence, and as this is based on real people, it is more valid and therefore can be applied to everyday life. For instance, the case of H.M.: he underwent brain surgery in which his hippocampus was removed to cure severe epilepsy but this led to the incapability to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory so he was not able to create long-term memories. This
War Story
War Story We painfully await our fate. Looking to my left I see men heaped over each other bent double, like old beggars, they're coughing like hags. Many of them sleep; their expressionless faces haunt my once peaceful mind. They look as though they had been wiped of any feelings of security and comfort that they had ever had. Even if they survived, would it be worth it? As I look to my right I see men who are similar to me, they find it impossible to rest in such a calamitous situation. Some busy themselves by cleaning themselves up or they just stare into the sky, they will be asking themselves; is that where I will be soon? Soon they will find out as our providence awaits us just over the hill. In awe we watch the extensive grass churn and swirl by the May zephyr. The sudden draught makes some men jump alert from their slumber, like a cat on hot bricks, which is a shame because only in their dreams can they truly be at peace. My eyes fix against a single grain of grass as I ponder about my family. What are they doing now? If I hadn't of recruited what would I be doing? Am I ever going to see them again? Tears fill my eyes; I wake from my daze as the salty tears start to hit my dry, chapped lips. For hours I pace the field, I know that I need to rest, I crave to dream of my family, they're my only encouraging thought at the moment. I'm so exhausted; sleep takes me and
"Why did the British Government decide to evacuate children from Britain's major cities in the early years of the Second World War?"
History Coursework Task One "Why did the British Government decide to evacuate children from Britain's major cities in the early years of the Second World War?" During the First World War, the home front in England did not experience the terrible warfare that was happening in France. The only experience the civilians had was the starvation due to the food shortages they were facing. There were no bombs dropped on the main cities, particularly because the air technology had not reached an advanced enough stage. On 1st September 1939, war was declared between Britain and Germany, for a second time in history. However, this war was to be a lot more dangerous, and the deaths were not limited to the battlefield. Civilians would be at much greater risk this time; technology had advanced a lot over the 20 years since the last war. Now there were fighter planes and bombs capable of causing devastation at great distances. These were not very accurate bombs, but they were very powerful. The Prime Minister of England, Neville Chamberlain was very worried about the fact that there were more deadly weapons available now, which could create a disaster in Britain, by hitting the defenseless civilians. He had already seen the results of war between Spain and the Far East in recent years. In this war there had been terrible mass bombing of main towns and cities. This frightened
