Kohlbergs Cognitive Development Theory Essay
Gender Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory Cognitive Development Theory suggests ideas on gender changes with age. Gender is the way someone acts and identifies them. Kohlberg (1966) developed a theory of gender consistency. According to Kohlberg, children develop an understanding of the concept of gender in 3 stages. The first stage is gender identity. The child is aware that they're male or female, but think their gender might change (e.g. wearing opposite sex clothes). This stage usually occurs between the ages of 2 and 3 years. The second stage is gender stability. The children realises that their gender will remain fixed over time (e.g. boys will become men). However, they believe that gender can change in different situations, such as doing an 'opposite-sex activity' (e.g. knitting or playing football). This stage usually occurs between 3 to 5 years of age. The third and final stage is gender consistency. The child is aware that gender remains fixed over time and in different situations. This usually occurs between the ages of 6 and 7. Evidence for gender labelling comes from Thompson (1975) who showed that gender identification was more accurate in 3 years (90%) than 2 years old (76%) Gender stability was investigated by Slaby and Frey (1975) who asked young children, 'where you a little boy or a little girl when you were a baby?' they also asked 'when
Outline and evaluate Bowlby's theory of attachment
Scarlett Hayes, 12R1 Outline and evaluate Bowlby's theory of attachment Attachment is a strong, reciprocal, emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver that is characterised by the desire to maintain proximity. Attachments take different forms such as insecure and secure. Infants display attachment through the degree of separation anxiety shown when separated from the caregiver, pleasure at reunion and stranger anxiety. John Bowlby was working to find out what caused attachment from the 1940's onwards. His original theory proposed that a child must form an attachment with their primary caregiver within a very limited time or the consequence would be quite severe. His 1946 study aimed to establish the cause and effect relationship between maternal deprivation and emotional maladjustment based on his observations at his child guidance clinic. He had observed that children showing poor emotional development had often experienced separation/ deprivation and suggested that this can result in psychological and behavioural problems in later life. Bowlby took an opportunity sample of 88 children, 44 of which were controls and the other 44 were juvenile thieves. Bowlby diagnosed 32% of thieves as 'affectionless psychopaths', but none of the controls were. A further 86% of these affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged maternal separation before age 5.
The Generation Gap started to emerge through political, historical and sociological events during the 1950's through to the 70's.
The Generation Gap started to emerge through political, historical and sociological events during the 1950's through to the 70's. Such events like the Vietnam War in the US is what caused children to become more self-independent, trying to find their own imparticular identity and basically wanting to behave differently to what their parents approved. This politically stimulated phase in the 50's ultimately ended up a typically normal way of life for an adolescent in the 60's and 70's. With the revolutionary attitude that the children had in the 50's, it didn't provide the soon to be children in the 60's and 70's a solid platform to be brought up on. Many films and songs have written about the youth culture and generation gap to remind us of these sociological transforations. The youth of the 50's or the "Boomer Generation" was built-up through traditional values of their parents. In most homes there was fixed housewife whose foremost function was to dedicate their time to their children whether that be social, spiritual or economic. Parents were there to nurture their children and lead them to success. Parents were very conventional because of the growing threat of communism. An American paediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock published a book on baby care that instantly turned into a "Second Bible" in US homes, "In the first few days after my second child was born and I had to
service operations
Running Head: COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT Comparative International Management and cultural Differences [Name of the writer] [Name of the institution] Comparative International Management and cultural Differences This study is a reflection of the relatively recent drive to acknowledge cultural diversity within psychological research and theory (e.g., Pepitone & Triandis, 2005, p85). Along with Betancourt and Lopez (2002, p11), we assert that a main restriction of popular psychological theories has been that they have ignored culture, and, consequently, have lacked universality. We argue that cultural differences may significantly affect judgments made by researchers and managers when making (a) observations for data collection, (b) performance appraisals in a diverse workplace, and (c) decisions within an international business context. A common assumption underlying the previous research is that for a given observation target, a group of observers can be selected to meet the requirements of the observational study, regardless of the context. However, when the purpose of the observation is to collect data for cross-cultural studies or to make decisions in international management, this assumption becomes questionable. A single group of observers, no matter how carefully selected, may not satisfy all demands of an observational study. For example, when observing
Human rights of children.
Children, does this word evoke your beautiful memories of the past? Wait a second, do you remember the time when your mom told you to shut up, do you remember the phrase, 'this is not of your business, go and play your Nintendo?'. How did it feel when a dead-knot was died around your mouth when you couldn't express yourself? Desperate, segregated or discriminated? Children deserve to have their voices heard on issues that affect them. This is a basic right that all people share: the right to express views and to have those views taken seriously and respected. All too often, though, children are denied this right. All too often, no one listens to children. We have been the victims of this system, how can we allow this to happen once and once again? Everyone, including you and me must recognize that children's rights are a priority. And it is the responsibility of all of us to ensure that this is never forgotten. Children themselves must also be ready to take the responsibility for their own rights, and the rights of others. Children have a great capacity for compassion. They can speak out on things that adults might be unable to see, or might prefer not to see. Children, too, can change the world for children. Yet throughout the society, children face discrimination because of the color of their skin, because of their gender, or because of the traditions their parents passed
"Should homosexual couples be allowed to adopt children?"
English GCSE Discursive Essay "Should homosexual couples be allowed to adopt children?" By Nicola Crooks "Having two mummies or daddies is stupid, but it's better than having none at all" When asked for his opinion on the matter of gay couples adopting and raising children as their own, my eight year old brother replied with the above statement. Children are said to be the harshest critics; their opinions considered whole truths. But is this neutral and innocent view shared by the thousands of children currently in foster care worldwide? If given the choice, would they consent to being taken into the care of a same-sex couple? Furthermore, should such couples be given the right to do so? Many people would disagree, claiming that the only suitable and natural family unit for any child is a nuclear one, consisting of a mother and a father. By evidence of their 1977 ban on the adoption of children by homosexual couples, the state of Florida is in agreement. Although it is the only such law in the United States of America, there are currently six other states considering following in its footsteps. In my opinion, I believe that children in need of a home and loving parents should be given the chance to experience it, regardless of the sexual orientation of those wishing to take on the responsibility. I agree with the statement by a gay father, recently published in the
Memory.This experiment studies the effects that organised and unorganised lists have on the performance of memory recall. Participants were randomly assigned to conduct an experiment using two different methods; words in a random format and in an organis
MEMORY Abstract . This experiment studies the effects that organised and unorganised lists have on the performance of memory recall. Participants were randomly assigned to conduct an experiment using two different methods; words in a random format and in an organised format. 2. There were twenty subjects, split into two groups (10 participants in each). They viewed word lists that were the same, using countries only, but they were structurally different (one organised and one unorganised). The participants were than asked to recall the words from the lists. 3. The participants using the organised list did not do as well as expected and the participants that used the unorganised list did better than expected. Surprisingly, the results of the research showed that there was little difference between the two groups, regardless of the organisation. 4. The research did not support the research previously conducted by Bowers et al (1969) 5. The research showed that a larger participant sample, chosen more randomly over a longer period could give better results. Introduction Human memory is similar to computer memory, enabling us to store information for later use. There are two main types of storage for our memory - short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). This course work will only be covering STM, as this is what we will be investigating in this experiment. In
Discuss and evaluate the evolutionary explanations of food preferences
Discuss and evaluate the evolutionary explanations of food preferences Evolutionary explanations of food preference explain individual's food choices in based on the diets of our earlier ancestors and also based on cultural transmission which is the spread of skills, technologies and ideas through communication and modelling rather than genes. The role of taste and smell are very important for humans as they can use the senses to differentiate between good and bad foods. When we eat food there are five key tastes receptors that come into play. These are sweet, sour, bitter, salt and umami. These are good for survival because; sweet recognises carbohydrates in food. Carbohydrates are good because they are a good energy source. Sour would help people to realise what foods are bad and therefore prompt them not to eat them. Salt is important for the functioning of cells so it would be important for the body to recognise this. Bitter tastes are usually poisonous so this would protect people from eating poisonous foods. Umami would indicate a good source of protein. These food tastes would have helped humans evolve as they each either protect from eating harmful foods or they recognise foods that need to be eaten. It would be difficult however to identify most of these tastes as food that is prepared today would have several different tastes. Humans have quite a complex diet
Why Unrestricted Information is Important for Childhood Development
Katherine Beyers Theatre Appreciation 27 September 2009 Why Unrestricted Information is Important for Childhood Development Imitation and role playing are fun and exciting ways for children to learn and exercise their imaginations, and to explore the always-expanding world around them. Children pull their ideas of right and wrong, good and bad, and all other views about the world from various sources, like parents, siblings, teachers, movies, television, and music. The things children view in popular entertainment may not be what parents consider "good" or "wholesome," but they are just another way of looking at the world, and the realities within that world. Children shouldn't be shielded too much from any ideas, negative or not, because even negative ideas are still a part of reality. The reason why many people don't believe in the practice of censorship, especially for adults, is because it is a blatant violation of our First Amendment right to freedom of speech, or freedom to openly express our ideas, feelings, and opinions. This is a right that should be extended to all Americans, even children. Of course, parents play an important role in their children's lives helping to form values and morals, and parents should always openly discuss such important issues with their children as soon as they are old enough to understand the basic principles, but shielding
The Park in Winter
30th September 2001 DESCRIPTIVE WRITING The Park in Winter The icy wind whistles through the finger like branches of the bare trees, a light covering of snow lying heavily on their extremities. Brittle autumn leaves dance dramatically around in a great swirl of colour. Children are skating on the icy surface of the pond making large cracks like gaping wounds. Sledges hurtle down the piebald hills, rosy faces glowing and laughing, amidst the flurry of ice particles. Snowball throwing children cry with pain, their swollen red fingers throbbing with cold, their gloves wet and icy. An isolated snowman looks out over the glacial landscape, its coal eyes surveying all before it, somebody's old bob-cap perched crookedly on its cold head. People scurry along, their hats and scarves protecting them from the blustery weather, the sallow sun casting a weak shadow across the deserted play area. Those who can no longer brave the weather take shelter in the cosy warmth of the café. Hot drinks are welcoming against the arctic elements outside. They chat about the inclement conditions, all of them looking forward to the first awakening signs of spring. A lone swan walks gracefully towards children throwing bread, its perfect white plumage camouflaged against the crisp whiteness of the snow. Robins perch on the trees waiting for any scraps or crumbs they may find, their
