Produce a summary of energy inputs and outputs for both anaerobic and aerobic respiration. Calculate and compare the relative efficiency of the processes.
Biochemistry Assignment 7 Task 4 - Produce a summary of energy inputs and outputs for both anaerobic and aerobic respiration. Calculate and compare the relative efficiency of the processes. Respiration takes place in every living cell, and provides the energy required for day-to-day living. Glucose is the primary fuel, but must be converted to a more useable form before it can go on to make the fuel, ATP, that is required. So to convert this glucose in to a more useable form Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) must be added. As the glucose is changed and changed many times again, the ATP that is put into the respiration process in turn produces more adenosine tri-phosphate. Respiration not only produces ATP, but also NADH2 (Reduced Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (Reduced Flavin- adenine dinucleotide), which when placed in the electron transport chain, also produce ATP in varying quantities. Respiration is a redox reaction; this is short for reduction and oxidation. Oxidation reactions may involve the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen, respiration requires both, making this an oxidation reaction. When a molecule is oxidised it looses electrons, and when it is reduced it gains electrons, the loss of electrons means a loss of energy, and gaining electrons in reduction is a gain of energy. When NAD and FAD pick up hydrogen they are reduced this
Practical Plant Diversity . By studying the morphological characteristics as well as adaptations to the mode of life of different species of algae in this experiment, it gives us a chance to discover more about the significant of algae contributing to our
Organisms and Environment Practical Plant Diversity No.1 The Algae Introduction: Algae are simple living organisms which are photosynthetic protists. They capture light energy and convert inorganic substances into simple sugars using the captured energy. Some of them are plant-liked while some of them are more animal-liked. Thus , they are defined as groups of eukaryotes that are classified in 12 phyla according to their morphological characteristics. Algae range from single-celled organisms to multi-cellular organisms.They range in size from 50 um in diameter, to giant one whose length may even exceed 60m.Algae are usually found in damp places or bodies of water , so they are common in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. However, terrestrial algae are usually not easy to find and far more common in moist and tropical regions than dry ones as they do not have vascular tissues and other adaptations to live on land. Objectives: * To study the general and unique morphological characteristics of the five major phyla of algae, and * The adaptations to their mode of life The followings are the five major phyla of algae that were studied: Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatom) Phylum Dinophyta (Dinoflagellate) Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae) Phylum Rhodophyta (Red algae) Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown algae) Mixed Marine; Mixed Freshwater; Diatomaceous earth
With reference to a range of national energy strategies, discuss the costs and benefits of renewable and non-renewable energy resources
Global Energy Resources With reference to a range of national energy strategies, discuss the costs and benefits of renewable and non-renewable energy resources Environmental resources are commonly divided into those considered to be renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources are those which naturally regenerate with a human defined time span to provide new supplies of those resources. Non-renewable, such as minerals and land, have taken millions of years to form and therefore in human terms, are fixed in the supply available. In reality, however the distinction is not as clear cut and resources are increasingly being classified in terms of degree of renewability within what Rees sees as a 'use-renewability continuum'. At one extreme of the continuum are infinitely renewable resources, irrespective of how it is used by humans, e.g. solar energy and tidal power. At the other extreme are resources which, as they are used, cannot be replaced, e.g. fossil fuels. In between these two extremes are resources, the renewal of which depends on the rate at which they are used, how they are managed (including concern for the rate at which the biological ones, such as the soil and plants, regenerate (and the extent to which recycling or substitution of them can occur. The continuation approach is helpful; it raises issues of rate of use and management of the environment, issues
The effect of caffeine on the heart rate
The effect of caffeine on heart rate Aim: To investigate the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas). Introduction: Plants produce caffeine as an insecticide. Cocoa in South America, coffee in Africa and tea in Asia have all been used for hundreds of years to produce 'pick me up' drinks containing caffeine. These days, caffeine is also used as a flavour enhancer in a wide range of cola and other soft drinks. In addition, it has medicinal uses in aspirin preparations, and is found in weight-loss drugs and as a stimulant in students' exam-time favourites like Pro-plus and Red Bull. In humans, caffeine acts as a stimulant drug, causing increased amount of stimulatory neurotransmitters to be released. At high levels of consumption caffeine has been linked to restlessness, insomnia and anxiety, causing raised stress and blood pressure. This can lead to heart and circulation problems. Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. Hypothesis: Caffeine will increase the heart rate of the Daphnia (water fleas). Equipment needed: * Culture of Daphnia (water fleas) * Cavity slides * Dropping pipettes *
Ocean Wave Energy
Ocean Wave Energy Ocean waves have both kinetic and potential energy. There are various devices for converting wave energy into other forms of energy - such as mechanical motion or fluid pressure. The devices are classified into large-scale offshore devices and small-scale shoreline devices. Most of the development is on large-scale offshore devices, such as the oscillating water column (OWC). China has constructed a 3 kW OWC shoreline device, which has an artificial gully and a Wells turbine. India has built a 150 kW OWC caisson breakwater device and a Wells turbine. The technology is still under development in several countries. The inherent characteristics of wave power are that the energy is diffuse; wave forces are enormous during storms; waves vary in size, wavelength and direction depending upon wind conditions; the mean sea water level changes with the tide; and the available energy varies over a wide range. Therefore, the design of such a device is extremely difficult, and each solution will require intensive testing. Generally, a large number of devices will be required to generate an appropriate amount of electricity. The latitudes between 40-60 deg are suitable for siting these devices, where the highest concentration of wave energy occurs. The west coasts of Europe and the US, and the coasts of New Zealand and Japan are particularly suitable for wave energy
Biology - Most effective way of reducing blood pressure
The Problem - High Blood Pressure has always been the cause of Stokes and CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) leading to a Heart Attack or even CVD (Cardio Vascular Disease). It indeed is the biggest killer in this developed world. High blood pressure directly implicates on the blood vessels, the veins and the arteries. When blood pressure increases, it constantly damages the arteries, whereas arteries already have narrow lumens. When the artery wall gets damaged, by the high blood pressure putting an extra strain on the layer of cells (Endothelium), there are white blood cells moving to the damaged area, and they accumulate cholesterol from the blood. This cholesterol builds a deposit, known as atheroma. This is an inflammatory response. There also are calcium salts and fibrous tissue building up at the site, resulting in a hard swelling called a plaque on the inner wall of the artery. This hardens the artery. Those plaques case the artery to become narrower, which makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood around the body, in other words, there is a rise in blood pressure plus there now is a positive feedback building up as the process continues. A Blood Clot may also form there and even block the artery completely, minimising the blood supply, containing oxygen, to the heart which can lead to a heart attack and major CHD(s). {Results show that over 7 million people had
How did science contribute to the advancement to the causes of disease during the 19th Century?
How did science contribute to the advancement to the causes of disease during the 19th Century? The evolving level of scientific knowledge was a major contributing factor to the advancement of causes of disease. The first step to the advancement of the causes of disease was the discovery of micro-organisms. If we go back to the late 1600's, a Dutch clockmaker by the named of Anthony van Leeuwenhoek made one of the first microscopes. His microscopes were not very clear and the image clarity was poor, but he still studied anything he could find. From his research, everything he has studied had tiny micro-organisms which at the time he called Animalcules. As a result of this, by the 1800's, purer glass was being made with greater clarification. In 1830, a British Scientist called Joseph Lister developed a microscope that could magnify up to 1000 without any distortion. With these improves microscopes, scientists could observe in detail the behaviour of micro-organisms. This led to the start of major research in the 1850's by a French scientist, Louis Pasteur. He became interested in micro-organisms when he was first asked to help a brewing company find out why their vats of alcohol were going bad. Pasteur discovered that a particular micro-organism was growing vigorously in the liquid. He developed a theory that these germs were the cause of the problem. They were called germs
Coursework: Response to Light in Blowfly Larvae.
Florence Annan Candidate number: 5900 Centre number: 48255 U6A Miller/Williams Question: Response to Light in Blowfly Larvae. Null Hypothesis: Blowfly larvae have no response to light. They have no preference ion moving towards a light source or away from a light source. This will be shown at the end of the experiment by there being a 50% even spread in either tray. Hypothesis: Blowfly larvae have a reaction to light. A larger proportion will move away from the light during the experiment than will move towards it. Reasoning: Almost all larvae react to the light and attempt to move away from it, as due to their large surface area and their thin epidermis they risk drying out. The larvae have photoreceptor cells. These are specialized cells, which consist of two molecules in a membrane, opsin, and a light sensitive protein, which surrounds the chromophore, which is a pigment that is used to detect colours. Clusters of these cells allow the maggot to detect only a very basic sense of the direction and intensity of light- enough to distinguish whether they are heading towards an area of light or away from one, but not enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings. Therefore, the larvae will know that they are moving away from an area containing more light and so will try to move in that direction in order to reduce their risk of drying out. They also risk being
Biology AS Planning Exercise.
AS Planning Exercise. Yeast cells anaerobically respire to produce CO2 and Ethanol. This process is referred to as fermentation. Thousands of enzymes catalyse this process. Yeast cells will die if their enzymes become denatured. High temperatures can bring about the denaturation of an enzyme. (Ref ?) Plan an investigation to find the lowest temperature that kills all the yeast cells in a suspension of either dried or fresh bakers yeast. ............................... To find the lowest temperature that will result in the yeast cells ceasing to respire I will mix glucose (C6H12O6) into a yeast suspension, add Methylene Blue and time how long it takes for the Methylene Blue to be reduced ie. go colourless (the longer it takes, the lesser respiratory activity occurring). Prediction. The temperature at which the yeast cells are killed will be 45°C. Explanation. Enzymes are globular proteins which denature (lose their tertiary structure) when exposed to a number of factors such as pH and high temperatures. The weak bonds (H bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Waals forces, disulphide bridges) that give a stable 3D shape for the enzymes are changed by high temperatures. This results in the enzyme molecule unfolding into a long chain as opposed to its original state of a curled up ball (shown to the right). (Ref ?) This denaturation means that the enzyme molecule is not soluble
The effect of caffeine on heart rate
Does caffeine affect heart rate? Caffeine is made by plants as a way of getting rid of insects. Cocoa is produced in South America, coffee in Africa and tea is produced in Asia have all been used for a very long time to give us a little rush in order to keep us going. Caffeine is a drug that stimulates the body and causes increased amounts of stimulatory neurotransmitters to be released. At high levels of caffeine consumption it can and has been linked to restlessness, insomnia and anxiety, this therefore causes raised stress and blood pressure. This can then lead to heart and circulation difficulties. To determine the effects of caffeine in human life we have to take a substitute of a human being, in this case we will use Daphnia. Obviously we have to take into account that the amount of caffeine consumption of the daphnia and that of a human will be different as the scales as to how big we are a different. Daphnia are water fleas that have a sort of heart that we can see through a microscope and we can count the number of heart beats in a minute of a regular daphnia. It is also a good idea to get a new one as we want to see how much it affects it from ordinary instead of adding the caffeine one after another. We have to be careful not to feed too much caffeine to the daphnia only a maximum of 1% as we may not be able to get a reading due to it dying. Hypothesis I
