In this study I will investigate the length and width of Fucus Serratus fronds found at two different zones on a rocky shore in Abbotsham, Devon, UK. I will look at an upper shore line zone and in comparison to a lower shore line to collect data from
The investigation into the length and width (morphology) of Fucus Serratus varies in different zonations from the lower and upper shore Synopsis In this study I will investigate the length and width of Fucus Serratus fronds found at two different zones on a rocky shore in Abbotsham, Devon, UK. I will look at an upper shore line zone and in comparison to a lower shore line to collect data from. Using the data that will be collected I will see whether there is a significant difference between the mean lengths and widths. Introduction This experiment will be investigating how Fucus Serratus length and width (morphology) varies with respect to different zonations along the upper and lower shore. The research will be conducted along Abbotsham rocky shore in Bideford, Devon. This specific location has been allocated as it has varied abiotic conditions such as pH, temperature, humidity and water salinity. These various aspects lead to the belief that there will be a diverse selection of species available. Null Hypothesis There will be no significant difference between the different zonations and the width and length (morphology) of Fucus Serratus fronds. Variables Dependant variables are the things I will be measuring, such as: - The length and width of Fucus Serratus fronds; To measure the length of the fronds, a measuring tape will be used. The units for the
Tuberculosis and its treatment
Tuberculosis Introduction T uberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by several species of Mycobacterium, collectively called the tubercle bacillus. The bacillus is a small, rod shaped bacterium that is extremely hardly; it can survive for months in state of dryness and can also resist the action of mild disinfectants. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease. Like the common cold it spreads through the air. Only people who are side with pulmonary tuberculosis are infectious when infectious people cough, sneeze, talk or spit, they propel TB germs, known as bacilli, into the air. A person needs only to inhale small number of theses to be infected. The tubercle bacillus was discovered and identified as the cause of tuberculosis in 1882 by the German physician Robert Koch. Tuberculosis occurs in humans worldwide, and in many developing countries it is still cause of death. The disease reached near epidemic proportions in the rapidly urbanizing and industrializing societies of Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Indeed, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death for all age groups in the western world from that period until the early 20th, at which time improved health and hygiene caused a gradual but continuing decline in its mortality rates. New cases of TB worldwide roughly correlate with economic conditions: the highest
Ecology and Ecosystems.
Ecology Ecosystems undergo changes in their structure and function as time passes. Some of these changes are minor and only affect a small area, others are the cause of major changes in the species present and affect the ecosystem as a whole. Major changes can be caused by changes in climate, external factors such as fire, trampling or pollution and development due to the system itself. Succession is a result of these changes and is defined as a series of progressive changes in an area with one community replacing the other until a climax community is created. A climax community consists of plants and animals, the animals present are dictated by the plants available. There will normally be a dominant species of plant and animal or a number of co-dominant species, these species are normally the most numerous and have the greatest biomass. The climax community is normally seen as the ultimate development of the ecosystem. There are 2 types of succession; primary and secondary. Primary succession is the colonisation of an area which has not supported an ecosystem before, eg sand dunes, volcanoes and new ponds. Secondary succession is ecological succession in an area which has supported an ecosystem whose development to a steady state has been prevented by inhibitory factors such as grazing or fire. When the inhibitory factor is removed secondary succession takes the
Abundance of vegitation
Title An investigation on how trampled and un-trampled land affects the abundance and diversity of grassland at Nettlecombe in the month of March on and off a footpath. Hypothesis There is a difference in the abundance and diversity of grassland on trampled and un-trampled land at Nettlecombe in the month of March on and off a footpath. Null Hypothesis There is no difference in the abundance and diversity of grassland on trampled and un-trampled land at Nettlecombe in the month of March on and off a footpath. Introduction Prior to the writing up my coursework I travelled to Nettlecombe which is situated In Somerset. Nettlecombe Court lies in a secluded valley at the eastern edge of Exmoor National Park. Location of Somerset Figure 1 I will be studying the abundance of a wide variety of plant species on trampled and un-trampled land. These species will include: Creeping buttercup Ranunculus repens L. A native perennial common in damp meadows, pastures and gardens throughout the UK. It is the commonest of the buttercups and is an efficient colonist of areas disturbed by man and a troublesome weed of arable land. Creeping buttercup occurs on a wide range of soils but forms large colonies on wet, heavy land. On ridge and furrows, it often occurs in a band along the bottom of the furrows. It can withstand trampling and compaction and is common in gateways and
Core PracticalDoes caffeine affect heart rate?)
Core Practical Does caffeine affect heart rate? Introduction: -: Caffeine is the name of an alkaloid present in plants, such as coffee and tea.Caffeine is absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream from the gastro-intestinal tract. Throughout the body it increases metabolic rate by around 10%. Caffeine has many metabolic effects. For example, * It stimulates the central nervous system * It releases free fatty acids from adipose (fatty) tissue * It affects the kidneys, increasing urination, which can lead to dehydration * Increase heart beat Hypothesis: - My hypothesis was that the heartbeat of the water flea would increase when placed in a caffeine solution. Method:- * We took a cavity slide and placed some cotton wool on it and then placed a water flea on to the cotton wool two drops of water were added with the help of a pipette. * The cavity slide was placed under a microscope. We used two stop clocks to measure heartbeat of water flea in periods of 15 sec /min. We took five heartbeat readings. * This method was repeated six times each time a solution of caffeine was added. First we added .2%caffieine and placed a filter paper to stop the water evaporating. On the last occasion amount of caffeine that was used was 0.5% solution. No of heartbeats in 15 sec/min .RESULT:- Length of treatment(min) Time(min) 2 4 6 8 10 Treatment Control 43/172 61/244
How does the Variety of plant species change between grassland and woodland?
How does the Variety of plant species change between grassland and woodland? Variation in plant species was investigated in grassland and woodland at Barrow house Derwentwater. It was predicted that there would be a higher variety of plants in the woodland. Random quadrats were taken in grassland area and in a woodland area. A significant difference was found in the variety of plants. It was found that there was a larger variety in the woodland than in the Grassland. 0/21/2010 How does the Variety of plant species change between grassland and Woodland? This investigation will focus on the variety of plant species. The purpose of this investigation will be to investigate the link between distribution of organisms and biotic/abiotic factors. There are approximately 1,500 species of native wild plants (excluding mosses, lichens and algae) in the British Isles and Ireland. This includes shrubs, grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, horsetails and flowers. A native species is one which: * naturally grows in the wild and has not been planted or deliberately introduced by people * Has not been selectively bred or cultivated. Non-native (introduced) species are also found in the countryside but I expect that most of the species I find will be native. I expect that there will be different species of plants growing in the different areas, these might include; P. lanceolata is a
To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely. We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It also ups to those of you who will want to create the new energy technologies of the future.
Fossil fuels enable human ingevnovnuity and gave rise to the Industrial Revolution. Coal-fired electricity empowers humankind's evolution in the Information Age. Humans harness earth's abundant fossil fuels resource - formed from the remains of prehistoric plant and animal life - as our primary source of energy. In a very real sense, using fossil fuels recycles the product of solar energy locked-up during photosynthesis over millions and millions of years. Whether using coal to make most of the world's electricity, petroleum as the lifeblood of transportation or, along with natural gas, as a feedstock for myriad industrial and commercial uses, fossil fuels are keys to our industrial evolution. Where Fossil Fuels Come From There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many millions of years ago during the time of the dinosaurs -- hence the name fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are made up of decomposed plant and animal matter. Plants change energy they receive from the sun into stored energy. This energy is food used by the plant. This is called photosynthesis. Animals eat plants to make energy. And people eat animals and plants to get energy to do work. When plants and dinosaurs and other ancient creatures died, they decomposed and became buried, layer upon layer under the ground. It took millions of years to form these
Affects of Inter and Intra Specific Competition between Wheat and Mustard plants
Ahsum Khan AD Bio C Period 0/14/09 Affects of Inter and Intra Specific Competition between Wheat and Mustard plants Abstract: A study was conducted to address the problem if interspecific competition occurs between mustard and wheat plants; and if intraspecific competition occurs within the plant species of mustard and wheat. It has hypothesized if plants of different or the same species are planted within vicinity of one another that there is a possibility of competition between them then competition will occur and one of the competitors will eventually be eliminated from that specific location. Intraspecific competition was explored for wheat and mustard plants by varying the density of plants per pot, from 2 seeds to 34 seeds. Interspecific competition was explored for wheat and mustard plants by planting several mixtures of the two species in the same pot. In addition, "control" pots containing only one plant (wheat or mustard) were planted, as well. After six weeks of occasional (daily to weekly) watering, and constant sunlight (except at night), the plants were analyzed for results (number of individuals and total biomass). Finding did not support the original hypothesis, due to the fact of interspecific competition did not eliminate the opposing species, and intraspecific competition did not eliminate the opposing competitors of the same species. Findings suggest
How caffeine affects Daphnia heartbeat?
An experiment to determine how caffeine affects the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas)? Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether or not caffeine has an affect on the heart rate of Daphnia Hypothesis The Daphnia heart rate will increase with the concentration of caffeine. I based my hypothesis on the fact that humans heart rates increase with caffeine as it acts as a stimulant drug. In the experiment there will be several variables that I need to try and control, the temperature of the water is one of these because if the temperature is higher or lower on the day the results may end up being higher or lower, this would make my results inaccurate. I need to try and limit the human error in the experiment as the daphnia heartbeat is very quick so it will be hard to be completely accurate so we are using the "blind method". We need to use the same microscope throughout testing as others may have different strength lenses. I am also going to keep the species of daphnia the same, as different species may react differently to the caffeine. I will use the same type of caffeine and record the amount of time the daphnia spend in the caffeine before the counting begins, and try to keep this to a similar range. The independent variable I will change is the concentration of caffeine in the water. I am going to be testing 0.1%, and 0.5% caffeine and also
The Development of Antiseptics.
The Development of Antiseptics The problem of infection in surgery The death rate of those having surgery in the mid 17th century was very high, almost half of all those having leg amputations died. This era of surgery was very unusual as although the development of anaesthetics was a massive step forward, the death rate soared. This was because surgeons began to undertake more complicated surgery and spend longer doing it, this meant there was a much greater risk of infection - especially when the instruments and operating theatres were rarely, if ever, cleaned. Infection was very high risk and not only because of the lack on cleanliness. When arteries were being tied off often nothing more than ordinary string and there was little chance of keeping germs from spreading in these theatres because that was what they were - theatres. Many students every day would come to them and watch and learn about surgery, with so many of them so near the operation they couldn't be a good thing - but no body knew this. Semmelweiss' ideas on cleanliness Ignaz Semmelweiss had noticed that there was an unusually high death rate amongst women after childbirth and realised that mothers whose children were delivered by a mid-wife usually survived unlike those who had there offspring delivered by medical students. Semmelweiss thought that if only the students washed their hands before entering
