the effect of bile concentration on the activity of the enzyme lipase during the break down of milk

Aim To investigate the effect of the concentration of bile salts on the activity of lipase on the breakdown of milk. Introduction From prior AS knowledge involving biological molecule I know that lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by the action of the enzyme lipase. Subsequently using this information in the experiment we will be measuring the fall in pH using a pH probe to find the rate of reaction of the experiment. This is because if lipase is breaking down the lipids then the pH should fall and become more acidic as fatty acids which are acidic are being produced. By keeping the variables the same except for the concentration of bile salts we can be able to see what affect, if any the bile salts have on the activity of the enzyme lipase on the breakdown of lipids, with our source of lipids being milk. In addition to this by using accurate apparatus and by keeping the conditions the experiment is done in the same I will be able to make my results both precise and accurate. Background Enzymes An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy needed by the reactants to react, thus allowing the reaction to precede much faster by a factor of millions as seen in the graph below. Like all catalysts, enzymes remain unaltered by the completed reaction and can therefore continue to function,

  • Word count: 11512
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Weed study. Dandelions - descrption and characteristics. Investigation to dandelion distribution.

Introduction One of the most familiar wild plants is the dandelion. It is, however, a troublesome plant that is a weed in lawns and gardens. The dandelion lives throughout the temperate zones. It is a perennial, surviving winter and re-growing in early spring. It blooms in spring and summer. The roots may be up to five feet (1.5 meters) deep. The deeply lobed leaves grow out from center close to the ground. The best way to get rid of dandelions in a lawn is to use a weed killer. They also may be pulled, but it is necessary to loosen the plant so that the entire root comes out. Dandelions belong to the composite family of plants. The blossom is actually a bouquet of about 150 to 200 tiny flowers set in a solid head on a receptacle. Each flower is a perfect seed-producing floret. As the small, dry, one-seeded fruits mature, they push up a feathery structure called a pappus on a threadlike stalk. All the pappi together make up the blow ball. The wind takes the seeds and scatters them far and wide. Dandelion greens are a delicacy in the spring when the leaves are tender and fresh. They can be boiled or eaten raw in salads. The word dandelion comes from the French dent de lion, meaning 's tooth. The scientific name is Taraxacum officinale. Picture number one shows a fully blossomed dandelion, these are most likely to be seen in early spring. Picture number two

  • Word count: 10784
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Investigate the effect of bile salt concentration on the digestion of milk by the enzyme lipase.

Biology Coursework Investigation into the effect of bile salt concentration on the digestion of milk by lipase Seham Akkad 13I Skill P - Planning Aim: Investigate the effect of bile salt concentration on the digestion of milk by the enzyme lipase. Background knowledge: Bile: In humans about 1000 cm3 of bile is produced each day. In the body, bile is synthesised in the liver, from cholesterol, by hepatocytes. The bile is then concentrated and stored in the gall bladder ready to be secreted into the bile ducts, travelling into the small intestine making the conditions alkaline. Bile salts have two main roles; emulsification of dietary lipids and transport of lipids in a water soluble environment. The emulsification of lipids involves breaking down the large fat globules into smaller droplets increasing the surface area to volume ratio, as well as allowing lipases to access the lipids inside the droplets. As bile salts are made from cholesterol, the are involved in the transport of lipids around the body in the form of micelles, were the hydrophilic areas point outwards and the hydrophobic areas point inwards encasing lipids such as triglycerides, and allowing them to be transported. Bile salts also allow the transport of lipid soluble vitamins in the bloodstream. http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/smallgut/absorb_lipids.html

  • Word count: 9692
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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An investigation into the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets on a rocky shoreline.

A2 Biology coursework- Section A (Planning) Crystal Tsui Title: An investigation into the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets on a rocky shoreline. Introduction: Limpets are animals that belong to the family Patellidae. They are commonly found attaching strongly to rocks. In this study, it will be possible to assess the effect of shore height on the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets. The biotic and abiotic factors will be taken into account on their distribution on different shore heights, i.e lower shore, middle shore and upper shore. I am going to carry this investigation at Cullercoats Bay, North Shield. On different shore heights, the abiotic and biotic conditions are varied which affects the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets. Abiotic factor Temperature: There is an increasing temperature fluctuations from the lower shore to the upper shore. As land absorbs and releases heat quicker than water does(water has a high specific heat capacity). Limpets should be able to have adaptation to control the problem of temperature fluctuation on the upper shore so that their enzymes will not be denatured and failed to function properly. Desiccation : The lower shore gets covered by sea water for a long period for time (about 80% of the year ).Therefore, the risk of desiccation is far less on the lower shore. If

  • Word count: 9280
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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the role of pathology service

WALEED RAHMATI The role of the Pathology Service The Pathology Service is crucial. It provides diagnostic services to family doctors and hospitals department. It is varied discipline, ranging from the study of biochemicals, body tissues and bodily fluids to microbes and antibiotics. The media has given the subject a high profile, which reflects increasing public interest in the area of Pathology within forensics and criminology. I will study: * The role of the Biochemistry, Haematology, Microbiology, Pathology departments and type of tests undertaken in each department. * The stages involved in the processing of specimens and the importance of Health and Safety principles. * The knowledge and skills required by people working in the Biochemistry and Microbiology departments. * And how to conduct a Microbiological analysis and either a Chromatographic or Electrophoresis analysis. My Report will include: * The role of the Biochemistry Department * The types of specimens tested * The nature of the work undertaken in the department, including the common types of tests performed * For example testing for sugars in blood and urine * And estimating blood cholesterol * The principles involved in the use of either thin layer Chromatography or Electrophoresis analysis The role of the Biochemistry Department Introduction The role of the Biochemistry

  • Word count: 8934
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Why the Body Needs Energy? Every living cell within the body needs energy which is used to do work around the body or to produce heat

Fundamental of Atomy and Physiology Unit 5 Assignment 2 Task 1(P4) Introduction - Why the Body Needs Energy? Every living cell within the body needs energy which is used to do work around the body or to produce heat or light therefore if you exercise you get hot and to digest food we produce heat because your body is using up energy. Food is glucose which contains starch that then turns into carbohydrate which then produces fuel for the body. The energy in the body is also used when breathing, thinking, eliminates waste, maintain blood pressure, regular body temperature and contract muscles. What is Energy used for? There are two rules of energy. The 1st rule is that energy always comes from a source of energy for example, * The sun is a producer this is because the sun produces nuclear energy. * The tree is a primary source of energy because the tree leaves photosynthesise using the sun as a nuclear energy to produce glucose. * The fire wood is a secondary source of energy because it produces chemical energy * The fire is a tertiary source of energy because it burns fuel and releases energy an example of this would be heat, light and sound. Reference: Class notes hand out 12 / 3 / 2008 The 2nd rule of energy is that it can't be created or destroyed but only changed from one form to another form an example of this would be someone eating food glucose energy

  • Word count: 8456
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Investigating the effects of different lead chloride concentrations on the growth of cress seedlings

A-Level Biology Coursework: Investigating the effects of different lead chloride concentrations on the growth of cress seedlings Ying-Jun Ng Candidate number: 2135 Aim To investigate the effect of different lead chloride concentrations on the growth of cress seedlings Background Information Lead (Pb) is the heaviest non-radioactive metal with an atomic number of 82 and atomic weight of 207. Lead is a soft, malleable but dense, ductile heavy metal with poor electrical conductivity. It is highly resistant to corrosion, and because of this property, it is often used to contain a variety of corrosive liquids. Lead is commonly used in building construction, paints, batteries, plumbing, ammunition and fusible alloys. Metallic lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and copper, and is extracted together with these metals. Apart from how it is found naturally, lead is released into the environment by mining and smelting before it makes its way into the air, soil, and water. Lead can also remain in the environment as dust and as compounds in soil or water. Soils near roads and smelting facilities have higher levels of lead than soils in other areas because of their exposure to lead dust, which accumulates over time. Plants exposed to lead can absorb the metal dust through their leaves. Plants can also take up minimal amounts

  • Word count: 8378
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Investigating how prolonged exposure to its optimum temperature affects the respiration of yeast.

Investigating how prolonged exposure to its optimum temperature affects the respiration of yeast. By Stuart Laverty Contents Page(s) * Aims and Hypothesis .............................................. 3-5 * Method .................................................................. 5-11 o Risk Assessment of Equipment ...................... 5 o Justification of Equipment ............................. 6-7 o Full Equipment List ....................................... 7 o Constant Values ........................................... 7-8 o Variables ...................................................... 8 o Pilot Method ................................................. 8-10 o Main Method ................................................ 11 * Results ................................................................... 12-13 o Results for Pilot Method ................................. 12 o Results for Main Method ................................. 13 * Conclusion ............................................................. 14-15 * Evaluation .............................................................. 16-17 * Appendix's ............................................................ 18-21 o Appendix A .................................................. 18 o Appendix B

  • Word count: 7774
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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Effect of nitrate concentration on the growth of Duckweeds

Introduction & Method At the beginning of the experiment, I put on a lab coat to protect myself from any danger that may occur. I made sure that all my equipments were clean and dry before I started, and I also measured the temperature of the room to confirm it was around room temperature. I then made sure that the ice cube tray was clean, I put a little label on one end of the tray to indicate my starting point row of the ice cube tray. I then made a little note to myself that the label indicated the row which will contain the 0.0% x 10-3 concentration of nitrate in the solution, and the rows onwards will contain the concentration of nitrogen in solution in ascending orders which I will use (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 % x 10-3). I Whilst pouring the solutions into a glass beaker I put on goggles and gloves to protect my eyes and hands from any contacts with the ammonium nitrate solution, as any contact can lead to irritation of the skin and eye. I poured 80-90cm3 of the 1st concentration which contained 0.0% x 10-3 of nitrate into a 100cm3 glass beaker. Next I used a clean syringe to measure out 25cm3 of the solution into the 1st well (near my label). The tray had 3 wells in a row and there were 6 rows, I repeatedly added 25 cm3 of the same ammonium nitrate solution into the remaining two wells of that row, so that I will obtain a result of three replicates with each

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  • Word count: 7131
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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out how different concentrations of the enzyme pectinase affect the degradation of the substrate pectin

PLANNING: - Aim: My aim is to find out how different concentrations of the enzyme pectinase affect the degradation of the substrate pectin, and hence the volume of clarified apple juice produced in a specific duration of time. Hypothesis: Will different enzyme concentrations have different effects on the yield of clarified apple juice obtained from apple pulp of equal masses, in a given time? Biological Knowledge: Enzymes are a class of proteins, which are biological catalysts responsible for speeding up and controlling metabolic reactions, without their shape being altered by the reaction. Pectinase (the enzyme I will be using for my investigation) is under the class of enzymes named hydrolases, which are responsible for catalyzing reactions between a substrate and water, and bind water to certain molecules. In this way, larger molecules are broken up into smaller units. This class of enzymes catalyses the cleavages of peptide bonds in proteins, glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates, and ester bonds in lipids. Enzymes are specifically designed for their target molecules, their substrates, by virtue of their shape, size, and the chemical charges that precisely fit and bond to the substrate molecule. The section of the enzyme that binds the substrate is called the active site. An advantage of using enzymes is that they are specific and do not interact with other components in

  • Word count: 6989
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Science
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