Investigation on the size of Limpets.
Investigation on the size of Limpets Abstract: During my preliminary investigations, I established that sheltered and exposed rocky shores, differed immensely in their size of Limpets. Thus I was inspired to compare the size of Limpets on the sheltered rocky shore, Frenchman's Steps. The background knowledge and preliminary work enabled me conclude the following hypothesis; there will be a statistically significant difference between the size of limpets found on the sheltered rocky shore at two different vertical heights. I decided to look at 3M and 6M above chart datum for my investigation, as looking at the profile graph (appendix) the number of limpets was high at that chart datum. Aim: To determine if there is a difference in the size of limpets at two heights in there Vertical range. Scientific Background Limpets are animals that belong to the family Patellidae, subclass Prosobranchia of the phylum Molluscs. They have a strong, conical shell composed mainly of calcium carbonate, protecting the internal tissue, underneath which is a sucker, also known as the limpet foot, which allows limpets to adhere to rock surfaces, as shown in the photographs. Limpets are usually immobile unless they are foraging and so zonation is less apparent. As can be seen from the pictures above, limpets have a hydrodynamic shape so that resistance to water flow is reduced. This
The World Demand for Power
Physics Research Report The World Demand for Power Summary The world's demand for power is currently increasing at an alarming rate. Essentially, this demand is currently being met by a small number of energy sources. These include: * Fossil Fuels * Alternative Sources (Hydroelectric and Solar) * Nuclear Power (Fission) Nuclear fusion power is also in development and will possibly become one of the main sources once fully developed. This report looks some of the basic Physics currently behind these energy sources and how further advances may be brought about by understanding the Physics of the process. Introduction and Fossil fuels role According to a study undertaken by the World Energy Council, by 2020, Western European oil and gas reserves will have declined to a point at which only Norway is expected to have significant reserves of natural gas and Western Europe may well enter a phase of declining oil production and rising oil import dependency. In 25 years time, Europe's dependence on the external supply of conventional fuels is likely to have increased from the current level of around 50% to around 70%. There are a number of other factors that must be taken into consideration. In 1990 some 75% of the world's population (those in the developing countries) were responsible for only 33% of the world's energy consumption; by the year 2020 that 75% is likely to
Find the relationship between amount of fat and amount of energy produced in different foods.
July 2001 Biology Coursework Year 10 Aim Find the relationship between amount of fat and amount of energy produced in different foods. Planning I am going to ignite different foods and see how much heat energy they give out. The food that causes the biggest amount of change in temperature will have the most amount of energy. However, calculations have to be carried out to create an average energy output per gram. Variables Independent Variables: This will change from food to food, thus giving me a range of different results. In this experiment it will be type of food. Dependant Variable: This is the amount of Energy per gram which can be calculated Controlled Variables: These are the things that will keep the same, in order to sustain a fair test. These are; * Apparatus * Type of boiling tube * Distance of boiling tube from Bunsen burner * Distance of food from boiling tube * Amount of time taken to move ignited food to boiling tube Fair Test It is essential that I keep it a fair test in order to sustain accurate results for comparison at the end. To ensure a fair test, I must keep the controlled variables for every test I do. The apparatus must all be kept the same because there may be some minor differences in insulation properties, or measure of accuracy between them. If this were to happen, it would prevent me from sustaining accurate results. The same
An investigation into the effects of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast
'An investigation into the effects of temperature on the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast' Sadaf Chezari Risk assessment: Risk: Hazard: Method of Minimizing Risk: Yeast solution Yeast can be an irritant when heated * Clean up spills immediately and keep all skin covered, e.g. wearing a lab coat. * If made contact with skin, rinse off immediately. * Make sure goggles are worn at all times throughout the experiment. Using a Bunsen burner Not knowing if the Bunsen burner is on or off when not in use Hair/clothes can catch the flame * Always leave Bunsen burner on safety flame when not in use * Turn the gas down and make sure the flame is not too big. * Long hair must be tied back and out of the way. * Remove any loose objects to avoid close contact with fire. E.g. I.D badges Boiling water Can cause third degree burns if spilt on skin. * Make sure the beakers which contain hot water (water baths) are all kept in the centre of the table and no objects are in the way to knock the beakers off the tripod stand. Hot apparatus Burn skin if in contact with skin * Use safety equipment to avoid contact with skin * Tripping over If there are bags lying around the room there is a risk of tripping over them. * Tidy away all bags and make sure there nothing left on the floor. Glass wear Can be easily broken * Place them at the centre of the table and not
The purpose of this coursework was to investigate the impact visitors have had on the growth of sorrel on Pillow Mound in Epping Forest and to find out whether soil compression has an effect on the height of the plant sorrel.
Investigation of Sorrel in Epping Forest by George Harrison Aim: The purpose of this coursework was to investigate the impact visitors have had on the growth of sorrel on Pillow Mound in Epping Forest and to find out whether soil compression has an effect on the height of the plant sorrel. Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference in the height of sorrel if soil compaction is great. The greater the soil compaction is, the more it restricts sorrel growth. Null Hypothesis: There is no significant correlation between soil compaction and the height of the sorrel plant, any correlation established is due to chance. Scientific knowledge: The soil has fewer spaces that contain air and water needed for plant growth, is less permeable, can store less soil water and is harder for roots to penetrate. In their virgin state, soils can be productive and characterised by excellent physical condition. They allow rapid movement of air and water through the soil, providing an ideal environment for maximum root growth. However, soils are fragile and easily restructured, especially during cropping. Compaction is an example of this restructuring. If compacted badly enough, a soil does not provide adequate space for root growth and soil animal activity, or allow for rapid movement of air and water. In severe cases, roots are unable to penetrate into deeper soil layers, tending
To investigate how concentration of the enzyme catalase in celery extract affects the rate of reaction with hydrogen peroxide
Aim: To investigate how concentration of the enzyme catalase in celery extract affects the rate of reaction with hydrogen peroxide Reaction: 2 H2O2 (aq) --> 2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) Scientific Knowledge: Enzymes are protein molecules which can be defined as biological catalysts. A catalyst is a molecule which speeds up a chemical reaction. Nearly every metabolic reaction which takes place within a living organism is catalysed by an enzyme. Catalase is present in all living cells. Enzymes are globular proteins and like all globular proteins, are coiled into a three-dimensional shape with hydrophilic side chains, ensuring solubility. Enzymes also contain an active site (usually a cleft or depression) to which a substrate molecule can bind to. The shape of the active site is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule and each enzyme is substrate specific, meaning each type of enzyme will only act on only one type of substrate molecule. Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy (?G‡) for a reaction, thus dramatically accelerating the rate of the reaction. Catalase breaks the chemical hydrogen peroxide down to water and oxygen. Catalase is found in all cells and protects them from this dangerous waste chemical. I will use the catalase found in celery extract for this investigation. The substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the catalase molecules
Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of being Ectothermic and Endothermic in the Vertebrates.
Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of being Ectothermic and Endothermic in the Vertebrates. Introduction: Vertebrates occupy a wide variety of habitats all over the world from the freezing poles to the heat of hot desserts. In order to survive in these areas all vertebrates have adapted to regulate their body temperature, because temperature affects biochemical reactions. Organisms have been described as "bags of chemicals catalysed by enzymes". Although narrow, this emphasises that organisms are highly influenced by the rate at which chemical reactions, and hence vital life processes, occur. At low temperatures the rate of diffusion can be so low that essential functions cease and the organism dies. Below freezing point the cells may freeze and the cell structure destroyed by ice formation. Above 45oC enzymes become denatured and cease to function, again the organism dies. Therefore, if vertebrates did not regulate their body temperature they would be unable to survive outside a narrow range of habitats. There is one final point: most chemical reactions double or triple in rate for every rise of 10oC, it is therefore in an organism's interest to increase its body temperature if it wants to move faster, or react quicker, and so on. At first, the thermoregulatory modes of animals were classified according to the stability of their body temperatures, as
Effect of Concentration of Enzyme on the Rate of Reaction
Objective of Experiment: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a very pale blue liquid which appears colorless in a dilute solution, is naturally produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism. Aerobic organisms such as human beings use oxygen for respiration or oxidation of nutrients. During reduction of molecular oxygen to water, hydrogen peroxide is produced. Conversions of amino acids into "fuel" molecules and conversion of lipids to carbohydrates are two examples of reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is extremely toxic to living cells as it can damage DNA, protein and lipid membranes and may even be a causative factor in cancer. However, there are some human immune system cells that actually use hydrogen peroxide to kill foreign invaders. Hydrogen peroxide can decompose spontaneously into water and oxygen as shown in the chemical equation below: 2H2O2 › 2H2O + O2 However, the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide itself in living cells is very slow. This can result in the accumulation of a substantially threatening amount of hydrogen peroxide in the living cells. Thus a type of protein called enzyme is used to catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme which is used in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalase. The chemical equation below shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with catalase: 2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Biology coursework investigation: Comparing the length of ivy leaves (Hedera helix) in areas of greater illumination and shade
Biology coursework investigation: "Comparing the length of ivy leaves (Hedera helix) in areas of greater illumination and shade" Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the length of leaves of ivy plants (Hedera helix) climbing on two Hornbeam trees (Carpinus betulus) in two different light intensities. The hypothesis was that the lengths of Hedera helix exposed to a higher light intensity ("sun leaves") would be shorter than Hedera helix exposed to a lower intensity of light ("shade leaves"). The light intensity was measured using a light meter and the lengths of the midrib vein of 30 leaves were measured from each of the two trees. The method describes how leaves were chosen to ensure that they were approximately the same age. The results were analysed using a students t statistical test and it was concluded that there was a significant difference between the lengths of the two groups of leaves. The main reason for this was concluded to be the structural differences in the Hedera helix in the sun and shade. Background information on Hedera helix Previous investigations have shown that there are structural differences between the leaves of ivy in areas of high light intensity and areas of low light intensity. Shade leaves of ivy are typically thinner than sun leaves and also have a larger area in comparison. This is due to them having a thinner cuticle and one layer
Title: Temperature Equilibrium in Squash Balls.
A2 Physics Coursework Name: Robert Harrison School: Bancrofts Date: November 2002 Master: Mr Jacques Title: Temperature Equilibrium in Squash Balls Aims: * I aim to investigate aspects of temperature change in squash balls. For a squash ball to be used in a match it should be warmed up first; I wish to investigate how many strikes of the ball a player must have to warm the ball up. * I also aim to find the optimum temperature of squash balls, when the heat loss to surroundings will be equal to the heat gained from the deformation process. Research Background I am a keen sports player, and have been very interested by how differing balls can affect sport, for example, during this summer's 'World Cup 2002' in South Korea, the balls used were said to swerve more, and would cause more problems for the goalkeepers. I also have first hand experience of seeing how different cricket balls can affect games, as all balls are produced with slightly different characteristics. Some balls behave differently depending on different weather and pitch conditions. It was this that made me more interested into how various types of squash ball were different. I did not originally understand how the different colours of the balls affected how the balls reacted in terms of the bounce: whether it depended on the temperature of the balls and/or their elasticity. I started by
