What are the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on our health?
What are the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on our health? Fat is needed for the body in order to store energy, make up cell membranes and protect delicate organs, but there are some fats which could, in reverse, harm the body. Fats provide a source of energy as well as the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Fat transports these nutrients around the body. The two main types of fats are saturated and unsaturated fats. The fats that people eat affect how their health is, especially risks or heart diseases. A diet which is high in saturated fats would raise the blood cholesterol; therefore fatty deposits are built up in the arteries. This causes atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, and higher cholesterol level which can damage the artery walls. Saturated fats may also cause stroke and certain cancers. Altogether, this could cause atherosclerosis. Saturated fats contain low density lipoproteins (LDLs), which is especially higher if more saturated fats are consumed. This causes more cholesterol to be transported into the blood stream, increasing the total of blood cholesterol, and increasing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The foods that mostly contain saturated fats are dairy products, animal fats, coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, chocolate and some prepared foods. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. Sometimes when
The effect of caffeine on the heart rate
The effect of caffeine on heart rate Aim: To investigate the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas). Introduction: Plants produce caffeine as an insecticide. Cocoa in South America, coffee in Africa and tea in Asia have all been used for hundreds of years to produce 'pick me up' drinks containing caffeine. These days, caffeine is also used as a flavour enhancer in a wide range of cola and other soft drinks. In addition, it has medicinal uses in aspirin preparations, and is found in weight-loss drugs and as a stimulant in students' exam-time favourites like Pro-plus and Red Bull. In humans, caffeine acts as a stimulant drug, causing increased amount of stimulatory neurotransmitters to be released. At high levels of consumption caffeine has been linked to restlessness, insomnia and anxiety, causing raised stress and blood pressure. This can lead to heart and circulation problems. Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans commonly called water fleas because of their saltatory swimming style (although fleas are insects and thus only very distantly related). They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers. Hypothesis: Caffeine will increase the heart rate of the Daphnia (water fleas). Equipment needed: * Culture of Daphnia (water fleas) * Cavity slides * Dropping pipettes *
Outline the theoretical maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose, during aerobic respiration.
Outline the theoretical maximum yield of ATP per molecule of glucose, during aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the process in which glucose is converted into CO2 and H2O in the presence of oxygen, releasing large amounts of ATP(energy). C6H12O6 + 6 O2 › 6 CO2 + 6 H2O The energy released in respiration is then used to make Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to store this energy. The energy stored in ATP can be used to carry out processes within the body such as passing ions and other particles through plasma membranes-Active Transport. A molecule of ATP consists of adenine (a nucleotide base) which is attached to a ribose molecule (a pentose sugar). The sugar molecule in then linked to three phosphate groups. The oxidation of glucose to provide energy is also called cellular respiration which occurs in a series of linked, enzyme-catalysed reactions. The reactions that take place come under three main stages; glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The key product of cellular respiration is ATP. This is mainly because of the phosphoanhydride bonds (that link the phosphate groups together) as when they are hydrolysed, produce a large yield of energy. ATP acts as an immediate source of energy in living cells and so therefore is produced at a high rate as it gets used up very quickly. The stage glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and
Today I am going to give you a simple overview of Biogas, what it is, and how it works.
Biogas Today I am going to give you a simple overview of Biogas, what it is, and how it works. In recent years, scientists have discovered that our energy sources- fossil fuels, are rapidly running out. It is thought that if we continue to use the large amount of energy we use at the moment, we will have run out of these fossil fuels within 50 years. This is why we are continuously searching for new methods of gaining energy. On of these is Biogas. Biogas is a natural gas, completely renewable, made from 50-70% methane, generated from human and animal waste. It is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic digestion. Since biogas is a mixture of methane (also known as natural gas) and carbon dioxide, it is a renewable fuel. Anaerobic digestion is basically a simple process carried out in a number of steps that can use almost any organic material as a substrate - it occurs in digestive systems, marshes, rubbish dumps, septic tanks and the Arctic Tundra. Humans tend to make the process as complicated as possible by trying to improve on nature in complex machines but a simple approach is still possible. Biogas is made up largely of methane, and coal dioxide. There is also up to 10% of water steam, and extra, small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, ammonia and sulphur hydrogen. There are many
Civic Case Study
Private Limited Company (Ltd) A Ltd. Company is owned by a group of shareholders who are usually family and friends as within this type of company the financial status of the company is private and only the people within the company can know its financial position, unlike a PLC as any member of the public can buy shares and view the financial position of the company. The running of the company is not always by the shareholders as often there can be two many, therefore these companies would have a board of directors which its their jobs to make all key decisions about the company and control the running of it. The first stage of setting up this type of company is to for the shareholders to invest capital or some form of loan needs to be taken so the company can get up and running, then a Ltd company would have to register with the registrar of companies and then a memorandum of association and articles of association need to be drawn up and finally a certificate of incorporation needs to be obtained. This type of company has three mains objectives, which are: growth, sustain a competitive share of the market and finally to gain as much profit as possible. The main advantages of becoming a Ltd. Company are: - This type of company has Limited Liability - Capital can easily be raised by the company selling more shares. - The financial status of the company is kept
How Abiotic Factors Present In an Ecosystem Affect the Organisms
HOW ABIOTIC FACTORS PRESENT IN AN ECOSYSTEM AFFECT THE ORGANISMS Mustafa Ganijee Abiotic factors are physical factors (non-living) factors that affect the distribution of organisms in their habitats. The abundance and distribution of a species is determined by whether levels of one or more physical and chemical factors go above, or fall below, the levels tolerated by the species. The figure below shows how the performance of any species is affected by an abiotic factor. Physical factors affecting organisms can be divided into 4 main categories: * Climatic - temperature, light, wind and water availability * Edaphic - factors related with soil * Topographic - altitude, aspect and inclination * Others - wave action etc Temperature Environmental temperatures influence the ability of organisms in an environment to survive and reproduce, especially if the organisms are ectotherms (cold blooded), e.g. the determination of sex in alligator and crocodile eggs. Most living organisms have an optimum temperature range within which they can survive (optimum rate of reaction and enzyme activity). The main source of heat is the sun via radiation. This factor will be affected by the habitat's latitude, the season of the year, time of the day and its aspect. Very low temperatures cause damage to cells due to formation of ice crystals and very high temperatures denature enzymes. Due
Ethics and Energy
Ethics and Energy Just over 100 years ago man kinds yearn for progression both on an industrial and technological scale was almost their primary objective of existence. It seemed that no environmental, natural or human issue was too large or important in contrast to the larger picture of progression and gain of knowledge. Mankind became greedy with power and had little if any regard for the damage that they may do to mother earth for the generation to come. More, more, more was the philosophy and where it came from and whom it affected was brushed under the carpet like yesterdays dust. As the industrial revolution, Second World War and nuclear age dawned upon mankind, daily advancement was at such a rate in leaps and bounds that it seemed there would never be any issue of ethics. When finally the world realized with a difficult awakening of environmental disasters and depleted natural energy such as coal, oil and gas that we were venerable to our own demise; slowly but surely but surely we started to take sight of our responsibility to ourselves, our children and the environment. In the 21st century we have started to understand that we have used over 50% in the last 100 years of the earths natural energy and need to find a renewable energy source. Of course there is technological findings and advancement in the fields of wind solar, geothermal, tide and nuclear power
Factors that affect the respiration of immobilised yeast.
Felix Simpeh Biology Coursework Factors that affect the respiration of immobilised yeast Date Completed: Thursday, 20 March 2003 To start off this experiment I feel that it is suitable to explain the main facts of this study. Below is a section explaining respiration and immobilised yeast in detail. Like all living organisms, yeast has to make energy, stored as ATP to carry out all cellular functions. To do this they can respire aerobically when there is plenty of oxygen, or anaerobically where oxygen is short, by this, they are called partial anaerobes. This produces less energy, but keeps the yeast alive. Pyruvic acid has to be broken down in respiration when formed by breaking down of glucose molecules, this can't be done in the same way as it is aerobically when respiring anaerobically which is how the carbon dioxide and ethanol is formed through the zymase. Here is the equation for the aerobic respiration: - Glucose + oxygen => energy + carbon-dioxide + ethanol Yeast can also respire without oxygen but less energy will be released. Respiration without oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration. When yeast respires anaerobically it produces alcohol. The reaction has the following equation: - Glucose => energy + alcohol + carbon-dioxide Cells, such as yeast are often used in industrial processes. At the end of the process the yeast is often mixed up with the
Investigating effect of changing glucose concentration on respiration in yeast
Investigating the Effect of a Variable on the Rate of Respiration in Yeast Method . Make a yeast solution with the yeast concentration of 20% by mixing 4 parts water with 1 part powdered yeast. 2. 20cm3 of this is added to a conical flask 3. Now, add 10cm3 of water and the appropriate amount of glucose 4. Keep the contents of the conical flask at a constant temperature (40c) using a water bath. 5. Use a glass gas syringe to measure the amount of CO2 produced in two minutes. 6. Repeat each reaction three times to get an average of carbon dioxide produced. To work out the percentage of glucose solution, I divided the mass of glucose added by 30 as the yeast solution added was 20cm3 and the water 10cm3 hence a total volume of 30cm3. Conical Flask Yeast Solution added (cm3) Volume of water added (cm3) Mass of glucose added (g) Overall Glucose Concentration (M) A 20 0 0 0 (control set-up) B 20 0 2 C 20 0 4 2 D 20 0 6 3 Results To find the average of the carbon dioxide produced, I added the 3 repeats and divided it by 3. To work out rate of reaction I divided average CO2 by the time taken in seconds (120). Conical Flask Carbon Dioxide Produced (cm3) Rate of Reaction/ cm3 s-1 Repeat 1 Repeat 2 Repeat 3 Average Average CO2/Time (Secs) A 7 7 8 7.33 7.33/120= 0.06 B 7 8 7 7.33 7.33/120= 0.14 C 6 20 9 8.33 8.33/120=
Gas and Exchange in a Protozoan
Gas and Exchange in a Protozoan Protozoa are small, unicellular, eukaryotic organisms, belonging to the kingdom Protoctista. The term 'protozoa' is used more for the animal-like single celled organisms like amoebas and ciliates. Examples of protozoa are Amoeba spp. and Paramecium spp., both of which live in water and obtain their oxygen from their environment. As they are unicellular and small, they have a large surface area to volume ratio. Also due to their size, their need for oxygen is quite small and their cell surface membrane acts as their respiratory surface. They are not large organisms; therefore the oxygen is able to diffuse very quickly to wherever it is being used. They also live in quite moist conditions. This helps the exchange of gases as this factor is greatly beneficial to a high rate of gas exchange. As their respiratory surface is their cell surface membrane they get rid of waste and respire directly from their surface. Inside the organism, there is a higher concentration of Oxygen and outside there is a lower concentration of oxygen. Therefore there is a greater rate of diffusion into the organism, along a concentration gradient and combined with a moist surface, it will be a very high rate. The opposite is found for Carbon Dioxide where there is a high concentration of the gas inside the protozoa and outside there is a lower concentration of Carbon
