Isolation and identification of individual microbes and growth and monitoring of microbes.
This assignment is divided into two sections, the first deals with the isolation and identification of individual microbes. The second part looks at the growth and monitoring of microbes. Section 1 Identification of microbes: A case study Task 1 Practical: Aseptic technique Task 2 Write a step-by-step guide on how to perform an aseptic technique, include a reason and explanation of the precautions taken. Make reference to the health and safety legislation covering micro-organisms. All of these steps are to ensure that cross contamination does not occur and cause the results to be misleading. • Restrict micro-organisms present in specimens or cultures to the vessels in which they are contained. • Prevent environmental micro-organisms (normally present on hand, hair, clothing, laboratory benches or in the air) from entering specimens or cultures and interfering with the results of the studies . Make sure bench is clutter free. So that belongings do not get contaminated / or the sample doesn't get contaminated. 2. Hair should be tied back. To avoid contamination or accidents, such as hair catching fire from a Bunsen burner. 3. Lab coats should be worn. To avoid cross contamination 4. Bags and coats should be stowed away under the bench or in a cloakroom. To avoid accidents / cross contamination 5. Wipe bench down with alcohol. To sterilise working area before
Explain the basis of ATP generation in mitochondria and chloroplasts. How does this differ from the Substrate level Phosphorylation found in glycolysis?
Explain the basis of ATP generation in mitochondria and chloroplasts. How does this differ from the Substrate level Phosphorylation found in glycolysis? Introduction: ATP is the universal currency of free energy in biological systems (Stryer (1995)). Living organisms use it as a free-energy donor to supply free energy for three major purposes: the performance of mechanical work in muscular contraction and other cellular movements, the active transport of molecules and ions, and the synthesis of macromolecules and other biomolecules from simple precursors. However, ATP must be synthesised using free energy obtained from the environment. Phototrophs obtain this energy by trapping light energy; chemotrophs obtain it by the oxidation of foodstuffs produced by the phototrophs. ATP is not a long-term storage form of free energy - rather it is an immediate donor of free energy. Most ATP is consumed within a minute of synthesis. Consequently the turnover of ATP is very high - a resting human consumes about 40kg in 24 hours (Stryer (1995)). The mechanism of ATP Synthesis: In 1941, Lipmann and Kalckar elucidated the central role of ATP in energy exchanges in biological systems. The molecule itself is a nucleotide consisting of an adenine, a ribose and a triphosphate unit. The latter is the key feature in its role as an energy carrier. The two phosphoanhydride bonds (P-O-P)
Social Science
"The kitchen is the busiest room in the house." A kitchen is also a room that consumes the most energy in the whole house, about 20-40% of the home's energy use. From anything to a microwave to a refrigerator will consume valuable energy that can have a great impact on the environment. As technology grows scientists and manufacturers have researched new, ways and new products that will enforce energy savings that will not only help the environment, but will also save you money in your energy bill. As you may know global warming is becoming to be of great concern, as the earth is slowly getting warmer. In fact, the 1980s and the 1990s were the warmest decades ever, and there is no doubt that it will get worse in the 2000s. To lower the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that create global warming we must lower the energy use in our vehicles, industries, and of course homes. One of the easiest things humans can do is to adjust their energy use through not only more efficient appliances, but also how we use those appliances on a day-to-day basis. In this project, I will be designing a kitchen that is environmentally friendly, and meets the needs of the average family of three. Problem Statement- Energy Star Appliances can create a more economical kitchen. Question-What specific appliances and components create kitchen that is environmentally friendly, yet suitable
Moscow, Russian Federation Summer-time pollution and summer smog problems
Moscow, Russian Federation Summer-time pollution and summer smog problems I. General Characteristics of Moscow city The capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow city is one of the largest urban settlements in the world. With more than 13 million people, Moscow is a center of heavy transportation, remaining industrial works and constant expansion (Demographia 2010). Moscow is subject to moderate continental climate, which provides for some minor pollution reduction due to precipitation patterns and weak winds. Moscow also suffers from peat bog and forest fires that result from dry summers (Federal Portal 2010; Mosecomonitoring 2010; Roshydromet 2010). Generally, Moscow is considered to be one of the most polluted cities in the world due to several characteristics that will be further analyzed in this paper such as smog, temperature inversion and stratification patterns as well as humidity (Federal Portal 2010; Elansky et.al 2007; Gorchakov et al 2006). Moscow has 10 districts, with the most polluted ones located in the center of the city and down to the Southeast region (Lezina 2010; RIA News 2008). According to Figure 1, green areas are environmentally suitable for a living, orange ones are alarming and the red ones show more levels of pollution compared to the other two categories (RIA News 2008). Interestingly, the red regions on the map correlate with the remaining
formation, extraction and separation of the crude oil.
Introduction: In this investigation I will use the multimedia science school programme and the chemistry books to see the formation, extraction and separation of the crude oil. Formation of crude oil: As the materials were washed into the sea, land was formed. The living material dies then the sand, mud and other materials settle on the top of the seabed covering the dead living material. Than the materials are covered and many layers are made and they become more and more compressed. Than as layers are made the living materials are squashed in the middle and they are turned into the oil and also have gas on top of the oil and also temperature and pressure cause chemical reaction and changes to oil. 50 years ago people drilled hole where the oil was out in the surface so that the can take what's in the underground. They also drilled holes where they think there was oil but sometimes they find and sometimes they didn't. Before to many ships were sunk to find oil but today it is an expensive business to find oil and we also have to do it with science so that we can find oil. The rocks contain oil and gas which are hidden from the view by sea or other rock layers the other thin is that we can not just drill holes and than see if we are lucky. Before we drill any holes we have to check the area and this is where geologists, geophysicists and the scientist came to study
A comparative study of the density of patella vulgata (common limpet) across a sheltered shore and an exposed shore.
A comparative study of the density of patella vulgata (common limpet) across a sheltered shore and an exposed shore Aim: - To investigate the limpet density of patella vulgaris (common limpet) across a sheltered rock shore and an exposed rocky shore at the optimum niche level at both shores. Introduction: - Limpets are distinctive animals that are best known for their ability to cling onto rocks. Patella vulgata (common limpet) can be found wherever there is a rock layer firm enough for it to attach to the rocks or stones, this can be from the high shore down to the lowest part of the tide. It is abundant on all rocky shores of all wave exposure. The limpet is usually not abundant on shores where there are large growths of seaweed. The conical shell of Patella vulgata is up to 6 cm long with radiating ridges and the top central or slightly forward. Individuals from the high shore generally have a taller shell and smaller shell length when compared to juveniles and low shore animals. The outer surface of the shell is greyish white, sometimes with a yellow tint, and has crude radiating ridges and well-marked growth lines. The inner surface is smooth and greenish-grey in colour. The sole of the foot is yellowish, dull orange or brown with a grey or greenish tinge. The mantle skirt is fringed with transparent tentacles arranged in three series of different lengths,
Investigating into how the surface area of a potato can affect the rate of reaction of catalase
Investigating into how the surface area of a potato can affect the rate of reaction of catalase Introduction Catalase is an enzyme found in plant cells (e.g. potatoes) and in tissues of most of the living organisms. Hydrogen peroxide is a metabolic by product in the cell which is converted to water and oxygen by catalase present within the peroxisome of the cell. The hydrogen peroxide needs to be broken down because it is poisonous. 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen Water Catalase in an enzyme, which is a tertiary protein and has an active site in it to which a substrate can bind forming an enzyme substrate complex. When an active site of an enzyme has a specific shape, the substrate in which it has to bind with should also have a complementary shape, then only they can bind. This type of reaction is known as the lock and key theory¹ where the lock represents the enzyme and the key represents the substrate. Sometimes, the active site of the enzyme slightly changes shape to allow a substrate to fit in. this reaction is known as the Induced fit theory². In both reactions, the substrate that enters the active site is broken down into two or more products. In order for the reaction to take place more easily, the enzymes have to lower their activation energy. Throughout the reaction, the shape of the enzyme and its active site doesn't
What is Bernoulli’s Principle? Give examples of its diverse ‘use’ or ‘exploitation’ in animals.
Tom Clements What is Bernoulli's Principle? Give examples of its diverse 'use' or 'exploitation' in animals. All living organisms inhabit a world governed by mechanical laws and processes. For all organisms, too, the primary daily task is the search for food. This is not only limited in quantity but can also be energetically costly to obtain. As a result many animals have evolved ways of harnessing these mechanical processes to assist them in performing tasks which would otherwise require the expenditure of chemical energy. In the world of energy economy these adaptations can prove crucial to survival. The major form of mechanical energy that exists is expressed in the form of flows (air and water currents driven by the sun). When these fluids flow across a solid surface (such as the ground or an animal's body) the velocity difference can be converted into useful forms of energy. This energy can either be used to move a fluid (called induced flow) or a solid through the application of the principle of conservation of energy in a steadily moving fluid called Bernoulli's Principle after the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who formulated it in 1738. Bernoulli's Principle considers the relationship between the pressure, velocity and elevation in a moving fluid, the compressibility and viscosity of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady or laminar. It
Investigation into the effect of different sugars on alcohol fermentation
Investigation into the effect of different sugars on alcohol fermentation. Abstract: This experiment was designed to test the effect of varying sugars on ethanol production, under anaerobic conditions. This was carried out by running a fermentation procedure for roughly a week, and distilling the resultant mixture, to determine the volume of ethanol produced. This experiment did provide realistic changes that can be made in the future, which should result in a more effective experiment. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of different sugars on the production of ethanol in alcohol fermentation Rationale: Alcoholic fermentation occurs naturally in nature. It can also be utilised to produce alcoholic beverages in brewing and ethyl alcohols for industrial use. Fermentation occurs as the yeast join with the sugar molecules, and break them apart into other products. Enzymes work on a "lock and key" mechanism, by which only molecules with a perfectly matching active site can form an enzyme-substrate complex. This mechanism determines the effectiveness of the conversion of some sugars into the products. As enzymes can only form a complex with one type of molecule, there shall be some enzymes that cannot react with some of the sugars used in this experiment. For example, enzymes with the glucose matching active site cannot form a complex with
Energy absorbed by a bouncing ball.
Physics Coursework Energy Absorbed by a Bouncing Ball Aim My aim is to find out whether there is a relationship between the energy absorbed by a bouncing ball and its initial height that it was dropped from. I hope to be able to answer the following question: 'Does the initial height of the ball determine how much energy is absorbed in each bounce?' Introduction When plane designers are designing a plane they have to carry out in depth research into each feature of the plane, the materials to be made from and whether it would withstand the immense pressures in the air. A very important area that they have to look at carefully is the wheels of the plane. The wheels will have to be made out of a material that is really strong so that they can withstand the friction and weight of the plane when landing and taking off. When the wheels touch the ground when landing they must be able to absorb lots of energy for the plane to begin to slow down. One way in which I am going to model measuring the energy absorbed by a plane wheel is by using a ball and dropping it from various heights to measure the energy absorbed. Although I will not be able to carry out the experiment at great heights, like in a plane, I hope to be able to model the idea in the classroom. I will do this by using different balls at various heights each representing a different material. I will be using a ball
