Compare and Contrast the Transport System of a Mammal and a Plant
Compare and Contrast the Transport System of a Mammal and a Plant Introduction: Both mammals and plants require a transport system to satisfy the requirements of rapid supply of nutrients & gases, as well as the removal of waste products. Due to their huge surface area, transportation of substance is not quick enough if rely solely on diffusion, therefore a transport system is needed. A transport system relies on the mass flow movement of fluids due to pressure difference. The Mammalian Transport System: Mammals are metabolically active and have high nutrients demand, therefore a cardiovascular system is used to satisfy the need. This consists of a four-chambered heart and a system of interconnecting tubes (i.e. blood vessels) where blood is moved through them to the rest of the body. Mammal has a closed double circulatory system, which consists of pulmonary circulation going to the lungs and systemic circulation going to the rest of the body. With two circuits, a higher pressure blood can be achieved going to the body to form tissue fluid and deliver respiratory gases more quickly. A slower blood flow is desired when going to the lungs to allow more time for gas exchange and prevent damage on lung tissues. Blood never leave the vessels during transport so that a quicker blood flow rate can be obtained and this also allows vasoconstriction or vasodilatation to occur. The
Daphnia experiment - Does caffeine affect heart rate?
DOES CAFFEINE AFFECT HEART RATE? PLAN The aim of the following experiment is to determine whether the amount of caffeine concentration affects heart rate in Daphnia. Hypothesis When caffeine is added to water containing Daphnia, its heart will be observed to be beating faster. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND Daphnia Daphnia, popularly known as water fleas, are small crustaceans that live in fresh water such as ponds, lakes, and streams. They serve as an important source of food for fish and other aquatic organisms. Daphnia are excellent organisms to use in bioassays because they are sensitive to changes in water chemistry and are simple and inexpensive to rise in an aquarium. Daphnia hearts a fairly easily seen but counting the number of beats can be difficult. Counting is easier if each heart beat is recorded by tapping a pencil on a piece of paper and counting up the pencil marks after the specified time. In addition, cooling the daphnia before the experiment may help slow their heart rate: heart rate is highly temperature dependant. An I Cam above the eye-piece of the microscope to project an image of the slide onto a large screen may also help with counting. They mature in just a few days, so it does not take long to grow a culture of test organisms. They possess fairly transparent bodies which make observation on heart rate in daphnia fairly observable.
Can heart disease be prevented?
Can heart disease be prevented? Preventing heart disease. Something our doctors tell us about all the time, something we all want to do, but what exactly is a "heart disease". How can we prevent it if we don't even know what it is? Every one has heard the terms "heart attack" and "stroke" but hardly anyone knows what they mean. Let's start right at the beginning. A heart disease, medically known as cardiovascular disease, is a disease of the heart and the blood vessels. Most people think only the middle aged and elderly get such diseases but no, cardiovascular diseases can be found in children as young as the age of seven years old. This is strongly liked with the children's lack of exercise and a poor diet. There are many types of cardiovascular diseases of which the major ones are atherosclerosis, coronary, rheumatic, congenital, myocarditis, angina and arrhythmia. Heart disease can arise from congenital defects, infection, narrowing of the coronary arteries, high blood pressure, or disturbances. (1) Atherosclerosis is the thickening of the inner layer of the arterial walls due to the deposit of cholesterol, fibrous tissue, dead muscle cells and blood platelets. This deposit is also known as atheromatous plague or an atheroma. Rheumatic heart disease used to be one of the most serious heart diseases in both children and adolescence as it involves damage to the entire
Beetroot pigments
Assessed Practical Plan I plan to investigate the effects of varying temperature on the movement of pigment molecules across a membrane, travelling out of beetroot cells. Aim: The aim of this investigation is to determine the effect that temperature has on the rate of diffusion of beetroot pigments when slices of beetroot are placed in various temperatures of water. Background Knowledge: The pigments found in beetroot are known as betalain pigments. Some areas of a beetroot may contain more pigment molecules than others. These molecules appear to be polar molecules as they are soluble in water. Molecules which have groups with dipoles are said to be polar. They are usually attached to water molecules. They also have dipoles, and these molecules are hydrophilic, and tend to be soluble in water. The process by which the betalain molecules leave the cell, can be explored by considering the following: * Simple Diffusion * Facilitated Diffusion * Osmosis * Bulk Transport * Active Uptake We can eliminate the possibility that betalain pigments travel by osmosis, since osmosis only involves the movement of water molecules, whereas in this experiment we are researching the movement of beetroot pigment molecules. Also, the possibility of the betalain pigments travelling through the membrane by active uptake or bulk transport can be discarded, as both of these processes
Investigate the water potential of celeriac.
Aim Investigate the water potential of celeriac. Apparatus Celeriac - this is the specimen that we will be finding the water potential of. .00 mol dm-3 sucrose solution - this will be placed in the test tube in which the experiment will take place. We will dilute the solution to produce a range of concentrations. 0.0ml Graduated Pipettes (x2) - I had a choice of 5.0ml, 10.0ml and 20.0ml graduated pipettes. I chose this size pipette because it is time efficient and accurate at the same time. It is an accurate piece of equipment because as opposed to standard pipettes, this graduated pipette has 0.1ml graduations to ensure the utmost accuracy. One pipette will be used for water and one will be used for sucrose solution. 250ml Beakers (x2) - these will be used to hold water and the 1.00 mol dm-3 sucrose solution in a safe environment. Cork Borer - this will be used to cut the precise shape of the celeriac. This will also ensure that the surface area to volume ratio is constant throughout the experiment. Razor - this will be used to cut the pieces of celeriac to a precise length. Ruler - this will be used to measure the length of celeriac that will be used in the experiment. Scales - they will be used to measure the mass of celeriac before and after the experiment with accuracy. Therefore, the mass increase/decrease can be calculated after the experiment. These scales
Write an essay on the functions of proteins in plants and animals
Write an essay on the functions of proteins in plants and animals Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. When amino acids are linked together, they form polypeptide chains and bonded together by peptide bonds. There are different structures of polypeptides primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. The primary structure is a straight chain of polypeptides. Secondary structure is the polypeptide chain coiling to form an ? helix or the polypeptide chain linking together to form a ß pleated strand. In an ? helix hydrogen bonding forms in the secondary structure between the NH group of one amino acid and the CO group of another amino acid. In a ß pleated strand hydrogen bonding occurs between the CO and NH groups of one amino acid residue of one chain and the NH and CO group of another chain. The further folding of the polypeptide chain is known as the tertiary structure. In this structure the folding and coiling of the chain is irregular. This causes the types of bonding between the amino acid residues to vary. The quaternary structure consists of more than one polypeptide chain this structure is found in haemoglobin. The bonding between different groups in this case can vary depending upon the functional groups present. If hydrogen and oxygen bind to another hydrogen and oxygen of another R group the
Effect of Caffeine on the Heart Rate of Daphnia
Objective of Experiment: In 1819, caffeine (IUPAC nomenclature: 1,3,7-trimethyl- 1H-purine- 2,6(3H,7H)-dione) was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge. It is a bitter white crystalline xanthine that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic in humans and other animals. Caffeine, an odourless and slightly bitter alkaloid, is found in coffee, tea ,kola nuts, ilex plants (the source of the Latin American drink maté ), and, in small amounts, in cocoa, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. It is also known as guaranine when found in guarana, mateine when found in mate, and theine when found in tea; all of these names are synonyms for the same chemical compound. It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the cherries of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from the kola nut. Other sources include yerba mate, guarana berries, and the Yaupon Holly. Caffeine is absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream from the gastro-intestinal tract in human whenever consumed. It reaches maximum concentration in circulatory system within about an hour. The blood distributes it throughout the body. It even manages to pass through the blood-brain barrier. Early experiments showed that low
Describe the molecular structure of starch (amylase), glycogen and cellulose, and relate these structures to their functions in living organisms.
Describe the molecular structure of starch (amylase), glycogen and cellulose, and relate these structures to their functions in living organisms. Carbohydrates are the main energy source for the human body. Chemically, carbohydrates are organic molecules in which carbon, hydrogen and oxygen bond together in the ratio: Cx(H2O)y where x and y are whole numbers that differ depending on the specific carbohydrate to which we are referring. Animals (including humans) break down carbohydrates during the process of metabolism to release energy. For example, the chemical metabolism of the sugar glucose is shown below: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Animals obtain carbohydrates by eating foods that contain them, for example potatoes, rice, breads, etc. These carbohydrates are manufactured by plants during the process of photosynthesis. Plants harvest energy from sunlight to run the reaction described above in reverse: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 A potato, for example, is primarily a chemical storage system containing glucose molecules manufactured during photosynthesis. In a potato, however, those glucose molecules are bound together in a long chain. As it turns out, there are two types of carbohydrates, the simple sugars and those carbohydrates that are made of long chains of sugars - the complex carbohydrates. In this essay I am going to
The comparison of antibacterial properties of herbal products and standard antibiotics
The comparison of antibacterial properties of herbal products and standard antibiotics Introduction: This is As biology coursework, studying the area of microbiology the main investigation contains the comparison of antibacterial properties of herbal products and standard antibiotics. Aim: The aim is to investigate the effect of herbal products against standard antibiotics on bacteria growth. To examine the extent to which the herbal products (tea tree oil and peppermint oil) and the standard antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin), reduce bacteria growth of E.coli and M.luteus. This will be discovered by measuring the growth of bacteria on the agar plates and comparing the results. Background information: The proposed aim surrounds the study of bacteria growth and various other products, which can have an affect on the growth rate; it is therefore necessary to look deeper into the topic criteria to get a wider understanding and to help design an appropriate hypothesis. From self-knowledge antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms, which are designed to inhibit and destroy specific pathogens when used at low temperatures. Antibiotics release chemicals, which inhibit bacterial growth and work on a specific action site. The first founded antibiotic was penicillin discovered accidentally by Alexander Fleming in 1928 from a mold culture. It can be
Investigation of the effect of different carbohydrate substrates on yeast growth
"Investigation of the effect of different carbohydrate substrates on yeast growth" Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms classified in the kingdom Fungi. The cell walls made of Chitin and they can be found virtually everywhere; "on the skin, on some fruits, in the soil and some are airborne" Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the species of yeast to be used in this experiment. They are used in industry due to the secretion of enzymes that they produce which breaks down sugars by two means aerobically or anaerobic. Aerobically (sugar + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + 38 ATP energy) and anaerobically (sugar --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + 2 ATP) as this experimental investigation is about the growth of yeast, the main equation is the aerobic one due to it provides 38 ATP energy for cell division either by means of mitotic growth (asexual/ budding) which is the more common type of growth or by means of meiosis (sexual reproduction). The energy is necessary for the oxidising the sugar (C6H12O6/ glucose) into pyruvate, glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm. I will experiment three different sugars; glucose a monosaccharide; maltose a disaccharide and sucrose Alternative hypothesis Glucose will have the largest effect on yeast growth. Maltose will have a slight effect on yeast growth. Sucrose will have the least effect on the yeast growth. Null hypothesis (necessary for
