The aim of my experiment is to determine how potato tissue is affected by varying concentrations of water.
Contents Introduction Page 1 My prediction Page 1 Scientific Knowledge Primary Sources Page 2 Secondary Sources Page 4 Experiment List of Apparatus Page 6 Method Page 6 How to make it a safe test Page 8 How to make it a fair test Page 9 Graph and Results Graph and Results Page 10 Preliminary Experiment Page 10 Results: Preliminary Experiment Page 11 Results: Experiment 1 and 2 Page 12 Results: Experiment 1 and 2 Page 13 Results: Average of Experiment 1 and 2 Page 14 Analysis Page 15 Conclusion Page 16 Evaluation Page 17 Bibliography Page 19 Introduction The aim of my experiment is to determine how potato tissue is affected by varying concentrations of water. Distilled water will be used to provide the high water concentration and a further five solutions will be made using sugar to provide varying lower water concentrations. The six water concentrations will be 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 molar sucrose solutions. (1 molar sucrose solution is 34.2g of sugar per 100ml of water) I will carry out this experiment by comparing the volume of rods of potato before and after immersion in the solutions of varying water concentrations. By analysing the results, I hope to be able to determine the relationship between the concentration of water in sucrose solution
Saccharides - Structure and Function.
Saccharides - Structure and Function Saccharides are what we commonly know as sugars, The are composed of carbon, Hydrogen and oxygen and are used in the body for everything from the manufacture of DNA to respiration in cells. What they are used for Carbohydrates' main function in the body is in respiration, a process without which living creatures could not exist, they are perfect for this job as they oxidize very easily. Only 10% of any sugar can be active or in straight chain form at any one time, the other 90% of the sugars are tied up in a circular form of the sugar which ties up the active group of the sugar, hence preventing it from reacting. H Glucose in straight chain form - C=O H-C-OH OH-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH CH2OH Glucose in ring form - Active groups All sugars contain one of two active groups an aldehyde group - C=O or CHO or a ketone group - C H C=O C This group affects the sugars' properties very drastically and is the part of the sugar which is needed to react with any other substance, this is why sucrose is unreactive, because its' active group is tied up in the bond between its' two monomers. Classifying Saccharides The general formula for most Saccharides is Cx(H20)y. All Saccharides are separated into either Aldehydes or Ketones, depending on the
Carbohydrates play a large part in the lives of all living things; there are many different types of carbohydrates, all with their own individual structures and functions.
Carbohydrates play a large part in the lives of all living things; there are many different types of carbohydrates, all with their own individual structures and functions. I am going to look at three specific carbohydrates and compare their structures and functions. The three carbohydrates I am going to examine are cellulose, glycogen and starch. Cellulose is the most common biological molecule, it is a structural polysaccharide, and consists of glucose molecules. Unlike starch cellulose cannot be digested by humans and most animals, but it has an important function as dietary fibre in our diet. Cellulose has a structural function, it forms cellular walls in plants and is therefore present in all plant tissues, with out it plants would not have a stable structure, and would not be able to stand up right. In the structure of cellulose the CH OH groups are not always above the plane, instead the positions alternate, from above to below. Glycogen has the most complicated structure out of the carbohydrates I am going to look at. The reason behind glycogen having such a complicated structure is that its structure has many branches. The branches are a very important aspect of glycogen, as they enable it to be broken down much quicker. The reason for this is that the more branches a molecule has, the more starting points for the enzymes to attack. Glycogen is an energy
We will be investigating osmosis and its effect on potato chips.
Mahmoodul Shah 28/12/2002 Biology Coursework: Osmosis Introduction We will be investigating osmosis and its effect on potato chips. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. Planning In this investigation I will be investigating the effect of osmosis on a set size of potato chip in different molar solutions of sucrose solutions. During the investigation I will have to conduct objectives carefully considering I will be cutting potatoes and working with test tubes. However if an unfortunate incident does occur then I should inform the teacher straight away to avoid any danger of happening such as somebody cutting themselves. During the experiment I need the equipment listed below: * 25 cm3 measuring cylinder * Knife * 2 tiles * Test tubes * Solution of 1m sugar * Distilled water * Pipette * Ruler * Electronic scale accurate to a hundredth of a gram For accurate results I need to make the investigation as fair as possible. During the investigation I will be making many measurements and to obtain accurate results I will need make the investigation as fair as possible I will need to measure precisely to obtain accurate results and most likely to leave it to a set
The problem of rising deaths due to Malaria in Mumbai, India
The problem of rising deaths due to Malaria in Mumbai, India Malaria is a global problem, with around half the world's population (3.3 billion) at risk from the disease. This leads to about 250 million malaria cases and 1 million deaths every year. The majority of deaths are children under the age of 5. Around 500 children die every hour, 3000-10000 per day. (1) However, malaria is disproportionately concentrated in poorer countries (2) with many countries in Africa and South-East Asia the most vulnerable. In India, the incidence of malaria has stayed relatively similar over the last decade, however Mumbai has seen a dramatic increase over the last 10 years. Out of the four major cities in India, Mumbai is the only city where malarial deaths have been increased in the last decade,(3) as shown by the graphs below. (4) (4) Mumbai is the world's second most populous city, which has the highest number of people living in absolute poverty. (5) (6) The table above shows how Mumbai is by far the city with the most malaria related deaths in India, and how the amount of deaths rose sharply in 2009, and the 2010 data is incomplete. In 2002, Chennai and Delhi had recorded zero deaths from malaria whereas Mumbai had recorded 18 deaths. In 2007, Delhi and Chennai maintained their nil statistics in malarial deaths, while in Mumbai the deaths had increased dramatically to 122. (3)
What is the Risk of New-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease on Blood Transfusion
What is the Risk of New-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease on Blood Transfusion Part 1: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is the human form of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). It is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), which are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders , also including scrapie in sheep, BSE in cattle and CJD in humans, (Baker et al, 1998). The New-variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (nvCJD) is a new form of TSE in humans, first identified in 1996 in the UK, (Will et al, 1996). nvCJD differs from the classical form of CJD and develops clinical symptoms that are markedly different than those from other forms of CJD. Patients with nvCJD present at a relatively young age and differences in clinical features include behavioural changes, dysaesthesia and ataxia and development of progressive dementia leading to death after around 7 1/2 - 22 1/2 months, after the incubation period (Turner, 1999), which is still unknown, but is thought to be around 30 years. The infective prion in nvCJD is different from the one found in 'classical' CJD and is thought to be widespread through the highly vascularized lymphoreticular system, (Hill et al 1997). The prion can be detected immunohistochemically in the lymphoid tissues of nvCJD, but not CJD, (Turner et al, 1998), therefore suggesting that blood from nvCJD individuals may be more infective
Design an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the movement of a pigment through a membrane
Design an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the movement of a pigment through a membrane Hypothesis The tonoplast is the membrane that separates the vacuole from the rest of the cell. The membrane is selectively permeable and a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane is made up of phospholipids, which have a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails. The phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic, whereas the fatty acid tails are non-polar and hydrophobic. The fatty acid tails therefore try to get as far away as they can from the watery fluid in the vacuole and the watery cytoplasm, so the fatty acid tails point inwards and the phosphate heads point outwards. Also in the bilayer there are proteins, which can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic proteins are proteins that span the full width of the membrane, whereas extrinsic proteins only go a small way into the membrane. The proteins provide structural support, act as carriers for water-soluble substances, can act as enzymes, form ion channels and they can act as receptors for hormones. Carbohydrate chains can join to the extrinsic proteins forming glycoproteins. These act as recognition sites. Carbohydrate chains can also join to the phospholipids forming glycolipids, this act as recognition sites and helps the stability of the membrane. Also there is cholesterol in the membrane this prevents leakage of water
human circulation system
Human Circulatory System Small organisms don't have a bloodstream, but instead rely on the simple diffusion of materials for transport around their cells. This is OK for single cells, but it would take days for molecules to diffuse through a large animal, so most animals have a circulatory system with a pump to transport materials quickly around their bodies. This is an example of a mass flow system, which means the transport of substances in the flow of a fluid (as opposed to diffusion, which is the random motion of molecules in a stationary fluid). The transport of materials in the xylem and phloem of plants is an other example of mass flow. Mass flow systems work together with the specialised exchange systems (such as lungs, gills and leaves), which we saw in module 1. Humans have a double circulatory system with a 4-chambered heart. In humans the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs only and is called the pulmonary circulation, while the left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body - the systemic circulation. Until then people assumed that blood ebbed and flowed through the same tubes, because they hadn't seen capillaries. The human heart has four chambers: two thin-walled atria on top, which receive blood, and two thick-walled ventricles underneath, which pump blood. Veins carry blood into the atria and arteries carry blood away from the
Investigating Water Potential Of Potatoes.
Investigating Water Potential Of Potatoes. AIM To investigate the effect of various sugar solutions (which have different concentrations of sugar solutions. on a potato. We will be investigating the length of the potato after a certain amount of time. Thus, enabling us to investigate the water potential of a potato. INTRODUCTION The fact that organisms rely on diffusion for the fulfilment of many of their needs has had a profound effect on their structure. Consider, for example, the way gas exchange relates to the size of an organism. The organism's oxygen requirements (its needs) are proportional to its volume, i.e. the bulk of respiring tissue, which it contains. Its exchanges however, are proportional to the surface area over which diffusion of oxygen can take place. In an organism, the effective surface area must be sufficient to fulfil the needs of the respiring tissue (pg. 48 Biology a Functional Approach MBV Roberts). This simple fact also occurs in Osmosis (movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane). Although the plasma membrane of a cell is fully permeable to respiratory gases, it is by no means permeable to all substances. The porous nature of the membrane means that only those molecules that are small enough will diffuse through it swiftly. The plasma
Effect of Caffeine on the Heart Rate of Daphnia
Objective of Experiment: In 1819, caffeine (IUPAC nomenclature: 1,3,7-trimethyl- 1H-purine- 2,6(3H,7H)-dione) was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge. It is a bitter white crystalline xanthine that acts as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic in humans and other animals. Caffeine, an odourless and slightly bitter alkaloid, is found in coffee, tea ,kola nuts, ilex plants (the source of the Latin American drink maté ), and, in small amounts, in cocoa, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. It is also known as guaranine when found in guarana, mateine when found in mate, and theine when found in tea; all of these names are synonyms for the same chemical compound. It is most commonly consumed by humans in infusions extracted from the cherries of the coffee plant and the leaves of the tea bush, as well as from various foods and drinks containing products derived from the kola nut. Other sources include yerba mate, guarana berries, and the Yaupon Holly. Caffeine is absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream from the gastro-intestinal tract in human whenever consumed. It reaches maximum concentration in circulatory system within about an hour. The blood distributes it throughout the body. It even manages to pass through the blood-brain barrier. Early experiments showed that low
