Recombinant DNA, genetically engineered DNA prepared in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments; usually uses DNA from more than one species of organism.
Recombinant DNA, genetically engineered DNA prepared in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together specific DNA fragments; usually uses DNA from more than one species of organism Genetic Engineering Genetics: Genetic Research After Mendel DNA Carries Heredity Every living system has a blueprint for replication, or making copies of itself. This blueprint is commonly called heredity. The key structure of the hereditary process is the long, spiral DNA molecule. DNA consists of two complementary strands coiled around each other to form a twisting ladder called a double helix (see Genetics). The strands are made up of varying sequences of chemical groups which are called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar and a phosphate group plus either of two purine bases--adenine (A) and guanine (G)--or either of two pyrimidine bases--thymine (T) and cytosine (C). DNA contains the genetic code for making proteins from smaller molecules called amino acids. Each base on a strand of DNA pairs only with its complement on the other strand; that is, A pairs only with T, and G pairs only with C. Moreover, each set of three bases on a strand, such as AAA, AGC, GGG, or CGT, codes for a specific amino acid (or in the case of a few triplets, for an end to the protein-making process). Thus, a base triplet corresponds to a particular amino acid in the same way that a unit
MENTAL HEALTH
AO1 Mental health issues The concept of mental health There are a wide range of different terms that people use to describe mental health these are as follows: The World Health Organisation (WHO) have objectives and functions, which are there core commitment to mental health promotion, these are as follows: - " not merely the absence of disease of infirmity" - "attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health" - To foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those affecting the harmony of human relations" The World Health Organisation defines health as: ... A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity Mental health promotion involves actions that support people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles, which therefore create a supportive living condition or environment. Mental illnesses are common and universal. There is no general term for mental health and illnesses. According to research, the most prevalent mental health problems were due to alcohol and drug abuse, family violence and abuse, and suicidal behaviour. Many people in the society are not very familiar with mental health problems. Although, research has shown that about 50 years ago, people would class people with mental health problems and would say they had a 'demon' was inside of them and possessed them.
Cell Theory - Discuss the theory that living organisms are composed of cells.
IB Biology Syllabus Unit 1 .1 Cell Theory (3h) .1.1 Discuss the theory that living organisms are composed of cells. .1.2 State that a virus is a non-cellular structure consisting of DNA and RNA surrounded by a protein coat. A virus is a non-cellular structure consisting of DNA and RNA surrounded by a protein coat .1.3 State that all cells are formed from other cells. All cells are formed from other cells .1.4 Explain three advantages of using light microscopes. * Colors of material from specimen can be seen * Living material can be studied and larger field of view * Cell activities and movement can be studied .1.5 Outline the advantages of using electron microscopes. Electron microscope * Greater resolution so smaller structures can be seen * gives interior/3-D view .1.6 Define organelle Organelle - a small body with a specialized structure within a cell for a specific function .1.7 Compare relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using appropriate SI units. Size comparison: * molecules - 1 nm * macromolecules - 100 nm * cell membrane - 10 nm * virus - 75 nm * bacteria - 1 ' m * organelle - 3 ' m * cell - 10 ' m .1.8 Calculate linear magnification of drawings. Magnification = size of image / size of specimen .1.9 Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting
The Biology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and the Social Implications
Access to Nursing and Healthcare Professions 2007 Interdisciplinary Study Autism and the Social Implications By: Stephen Davies Biology: Hilary Barber Sociology: Jane Simpson Study Skills: Judith Larsen Contents Summary 3 Introduction 4 What are the causes and symptoms of having ASD? 5 Social Interaction 6 Behaviour Patterns 7 Possible causes of ASD 7 Genes 7 Single Abnormal Gene 10 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE 10 AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 11 Mumps-Measles and Rubella Vaccine (MMR) 11 Diagnosis of having ASD 12 Are There Any Treatments Or Cures? 13 'High Functioning Autistic' 13 The Social Model of Disability 15 Impairment 15 Disability 16 Support and Interventions 18 Training 19 Drugs 19 Other methods of treatment 19 Assessments and Education 20 Theory of Mind 21 How do other parents fare? 21 Make Schools Make Sense Report 22 The Report on Bullying 23 What the Make Schools Make Sense Report Concluded 24 Funding 25 The Right Training for Every Teacher 26 What next? 27 Conclusion 28 References 30 Bibliography 31 Acknowledgement 32 Summary This Interdisciplinary study is based on the topic of Autistic Spectrum Disorder, commonly known as ASD. The topic of autism was chosen due to the lack of understanding and confusion that can be seen within society surrounding many issues associated with ASD. Like many neurological
Epping Forest Coursework
Is the height of bracken greater in a light area than in a darker area? Planning: Aim: The aim of this investigation is to see how the height of bracken varies in a light and dark area. A fair prediction can be made that a change in light conditions will affect the height of the bracken. This is due to the fact that light intensity is one of the factors affecting photosynthesis. As light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis also increases which causes the production of food to be greater. Due to this, the plant can grow more as it has more food, and light is not the limiting factor. As a result the height of bracken would vary between these two areas and would prove a very decisive investigation. I would expect the height of bracken to be greater in the area with the higher light intensity (light area). Hypothesis: Null hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between the height measured from the light and dark areas. This would be proved only if there is no correlation between the results obtained. Hypothesis (H1): I hypothesise that the height of the bracken in the light area will be greater than the height of bracken in the area with less light. A significant difference is expected between data collected in the light and dark areas. The bracken in the lighter area is should photosynthesise more and produce products at a faster rate. In turn the
An Investigation into the Mitotic Nuclear Division of Allium Sativum Root Tip Cells, and the Relative Duration of Each Phase of this Cellular Cycle
An Investigation into the Mitotic Nuclear Division of Allium Sativum Root Tip Cells, and the Relative Duration of Each Phase of this Cellular Cycle. Aim To conduct an investigation into the relative durations of the phases that occur in the mitotic nuclear division of meristematic Allium Sativum root tip cells, evaluating the validity of a hypothesis proposed that states that these mitotic phase durations will be of different. Hypothesis The Expected Results: The Relative Length of Each Stage of Mitotic Nuclear Division Through the process of conducting background research, it has been possible to suggest a theoretical ratio concerning the timing for each stage of the mitotic cycle; "Although the stages of mitosis are necessarily shown as static events, it must be emphasized that the process is a continuous one and the names "anaphase", "metaphase", etc., do not imply that the process of mitosis comes to a halt at this juncture. Moreover, the stages shown are not selected at regular intervals of time, e.g. in the embryonic cells of a particular grasshopper the timing at 38°C is as follows: prophase 100 min, metaphase 15 min, anaphase 10 min, telophase 60 min." 1 These specified times essentially form the ratio that will be used throughout the investigation (dividing each stage in the ratio by a factor of 5 provides the ratio (20:3:2:12), and allow a range of
Outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of: Changes in physical conditions in the environment. Changes in chemical conditions in the environment. Competition for resources.
Blueprint of Life Summary > Evidence of evolution suggests that the mechanisms of inheritance, accompanied by selection, allow change over many generations: * Outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of: * Changes in physical conditions in the environment. * Changes in chemical conditions in the environment. * Competition for resources. Evolution theory: * All living species come from preexisting species and that all living things have a common ancestor in some initial form of primitive life. * Changes in the environment of living organisms can lead to the evolution of plant and animal species. * Changes in the environmental conditions may be physical, such as temperature changes, or chemical, such as changes in water salinity and also competition - for example, competition for resources such as food and water, or competition to reproduce. Changes in the physical Environment: * The Earth has continually changed since life first evolved. * Various changes in sea levels, the splitting of the continents and great changes in climate are just some of the environmental changes that life on earth have had to cope with, or become extinct. * Changes in the environment force species to either die out, or survive and diversify. An Example - The Peppered Moth: * Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the majority of the peppered moths were light coloured. They
GENETIC ENGEERING
GENETIC ENGEERING GENETIC ENGEERING Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, means altering the genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) with a new genotype. Various kinds of genetic modification are possible: inserting a foreign gene from one species into another, forming a transgenic organism; altering an existing gene so that its product is changed; or changing gene expression so that it is translated more often or not at all. TECHNIGUES OF GENETIC ENGEERING Genetic engineering is a very young discipline, and is only possible due to the development of techniques from the 1960s onwards. These techniques have been made possible from our greater understanding of DNA and how it functions following the discovery of its structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. Although the final goal of genetic engineering is usually the expression of a gene in a host, in fact most of the techniques and time in genetic engineering are spent isolating a gene and then cloning it. This table lists the techniques that we'll look at in detail. TECHNIQUE PURPOSE Restriction Enzymes To cut DNA at specific points, making small fragments DNA Ligase To join DNA fragments together Vectors To carry DNA into cells and ensure replication Plasmids Common kind of vector Genetic Markers To identify cells that have been transformed PCR To
Management style, culture & organizational structure.
GENETIC ENGEERING GENETIC ENGEERING Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, means altering the genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) with a new genotype. Various kinds of genetic modification are possible: inserting a foreign gene from one species into another, forming a transgenic organism; altering an existing gene so that its product is changed; or changing gene expression so that it is translated more often or not at all. TECHNIGUES OF GENETIC ENGEERING Genetic engineering is a very young discipline, and is only possible due to the development of techniques from the 1960s onwards. These techniques have been made possible from our greater understanding of DNA and how it functions following the discovery of its structure by Watson and Crick in 1953. Although the final goal of genetic engineering is usually the expression of a gene in a host, in fact most of the techniques and time in genetic engineering are spent isolating a gene and then cloning it. This table lists the techniques that we'll look at in detail. TECHNIQUE PURPOSE Restriction Enzymes To cut DNA at specific points, making small fragments DNA Ligase To join DNA fragments together Vectors To carry DNA into cells and ensure replication Plasmids Common kind of vector Genetic Markers To identify cells that have been transformed PCR To
Genetic Modification
In a comment to the press that the EU Commission gave out together with the report this week they claimed that "there is nothing secret about the study referred to in the Greenpeace press release. The version published on their [the Greenpeace] web-site is a draft ..." However, this is simply not true. The letters that accompanied the study when it was delivered to the European Commission in January, and that were obtained by Greenpeace, clearly state that the study was presented in its "final version" at that time. The study states that farmers who don't want to cultivate GMOs would face high additional, in some cases unsustainable, costs of production if genetically engineered (GE) crops were commercially grown on a large scale in Europe. The study predicts that the situation would become particularly critical for organic farming of oilseed rape as well as for intensive production of conventional maize. Seed and crop purity from GE pollution, at a detection level of 0.1 percent, would be virtually impossible in most cases. This effectively means that all products and seeds of oilseed rape and maize would be contaminated with GE crops to a certain extent. Organic farming exempt of GMOs, as we know it today and as it is defined in the EU Regulations, will be doomed. These findings confirm the need for "zero tolerance" for seed contamination, the standard demanded by
