WHAT EFFECT DOES SUBSTRATE HAVE ON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE?
WHAT EFFECT DOES SUBSTRATE HAVE ON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE? Aim: To investigate the effects of different types of substrates on the rate of respiration of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by measuring the volume of CO2 produced using a gas syringe Background information What is respiration? Respiration is the name given to the biological process which occurs in all living cells. It involves the release of energy, by oxidising glucose. Glucose is a carbohydrate, specifically a monosaccharide, which undergoes a series of reactions releasing energy which the cell uses. Every cell needs energy and thus every cell respires to release the energy that it needs. However, respiration consists of many stages. These stages are glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and finally, the electron transport chain. These are explained in detail below: C6H2O6(aq) + 6 O2 (g) --> 6 CO2 (g) + 6H2O(l) + energy Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + energy Glycolysis: a process in which a 6C sugar, usually glucose, is split into 2 pyruvate molecules, which are a 3C acid. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and is summarised in detail below. Glucose, like many sugars is very unreactive and therefore needs to be activated. Therefore it is converted into a more reactive hexose sugar, fructose bisphosphate by adding 2
A Level Biology revision notes
Balanced Diet * Energy Balance o Energy is obtained from food * Main energy from carbohydrates (glucose) and fats * Proteins are used for growth and repair first * Excess proteins is converted to energy o Out of balance * More energy/food than required › obesity * Less energy/food than required › starvation o Types of carbohydrates * Intrinsic sugars: found within cells (fruits) * Extrinsic sugars: sugars that have been added to food (processed food) * Milk sugars: found in milk products * Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) o Energy needed at rest (not when asleep!) for routine tasks of cells (excrete waste) o Factors that influence BMR * Age * Young > Old * Growth requires more energy › children, pregnant women (fetus) * Young and active people have more muscles than older people * Sex * Male > Female * Women have more adipose than muscle tissue * Muscles (work out) require more energy than fat cells (storage) * Body size * Tall and thin > short and obese * Tall and thin people have a large surface area but small volume * Loose heat quicker * Need more energy to maintain body temp * High body mass > Low body mass * High body mass › more cells that require energy * Starvation o No carbohydrates and fats are available in the diet o Body starts to break down its own proteins (muscles) Function of Fibres * Polysaccharides (cellulose) that
The effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Enzyme Activity
THE EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON ENZYME ACTIVITY Silvia Panico Monday, September 17, 2001 Word count: 9661 AIM: To observe and determine the effects of an electromagnetic field of low frequency on enzyme activity THEORY / PREDICTION: An important topic which is very discussed in today's society is the effect of electromagnetic radiation or fields on the human body. A great amount of research has been done in this field all of which has ended up in conflicting results, and all wraps up to one conclusion: the evidence isn't enough to declare electromagnetic fields dangerous or beneficent to the human body. To further explore this area we will first need to observe the nature of electromagnetic fields and separately the one of enzymes to then decide the results of the two clashing together. The electromagnetic spectrum includes waves, or radiation, of all frequencies. The higher ones are properties of gamma rays and x-rays, these have also a very short wavelength, and they are know to be very dangerous to the human body because they are
Investigate the effect of bile salt concentration on the digestion of milk by the enzyme lipase.
Biology Coursework Investigation into the effect of bile salt concentration on the digestion of milk by lipase Seham Akkad 13I Skill P - Planning Aim: Investigate the effect of bile salt concentration on the digestion of milk by the enzyme lipase. Background knowledge: Bile: In humans about 1000 cm3 of bile is produced each day. In the body, bile is synthesised in the liver, from cholesterol, by hepatocytes. The bile is then concentrated and stored in the gall bladder ready to be secreted into the bile ducts, travelling into the small intestine making the conditions alkaline. Bile salts have two main roles; emulsification of dietary lipids and transport of lipids in a water soluble environment. The emulsification of lipids involves breaking down the large fat globules into smaller droplets increasing the surface area to volume ratio, as well as allowing lipases to access the lipids inside the droplets. As bile salts are made from cholesterol, the are involved in the transport of lipids around the body in the form of micelles, were the hydrophilic areas point outwards and the hydrophobic areas point inwards encasing lipids such as triglycerides, and allowing them to be transported. Bile salts also allow the transport of lipid soluble vitamins in the bloodstream. http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/smallgut/absorb_lipids.html
An investigation to examine the effects of temperature on membrane stability in beetroot, by assessing the degree of pigment leakage.
An investigation to examine the effects of temperature on membrane stability in beetroot, by assessing the degree of pigment leakage. Aim: - to discover how temperature affects the stability of the cell membrane in beetroot. Introduction:- Plant cells contain a plant cell wall as well as a cell membrane, which surround the protoplast (everything that is within the cell) of the cells. All cell membranes consist of a phospholipids bilayer, which are made up of two layers of phospholipids, hence the name. The plasma membrane is a partially permeable barrier between the cell and the extra cellular environment. The plasma membrane mainly consists of phospholipids. These phospholipids are a phosphate head, which is attached to two fatty acid tails (hydrocarbon chain). The phosphate group is highly soluble in water and so hydrophilic; however, the fatty acid tails are not soluble in water and therefore are hydrophobic. In the plasma membrane, the phospholipids are in two layers (hence the name phospholipid bilayer). The hydrophobic regions of the phospholipids line up together in the middle of the membrane, whilst the hydrophilic regions are on the outside of the membrane. Due to the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer, it is generally not possible for large charged molecules or ions to pas through the membrane freely. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water
An experiment to find of the isotonic point of root vegetables cells in contents using osmosis
Centre number: 20603 Candidate number: 1216 Name: Mohammed Zafran An experiment to find of the isotonic point of root vegetables cells in contents using osmosis Aim - I am going to investigate how different concentrations affect root vegetables finding the point of balanced osmosis, as this will be the isotonic point where the amount of water diffusing into the cell is equal to that diffusing out of the cell hence at this point equilibrium will exist and the isotonic point will be obtained. Therefore when I obtain my results and plot them on a graph the point at which they intercept the x-axis, will be my isotonic point. As the isotonic point is the point in which the net movement of water is equal therefore as I know that the mass is affected by the water content present in the cell. Therefore I will plot the values for my % mass increase/ decrease to find the isotonic point for each root vegetable. The x- axis will have the different concentration values; the y-axis of my graph will have the % change. As the my line of best fit intercepts the x-axis this will mean that my percentage change will be 0% and therefore at this concentration the isotonic point for my root vegetable will be obtained. Equipment required for the practical investigation. * 24 McCartney bottles will be used- These will be used to contain the various concentrations of sucrose
An investigation into the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets on a rocky shoreline.
A2 Biology coursework- Section A (Planning) Crystal Tsui Title: An investigation into the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets on a rocky shoreline. Introduction: Limpets are animals that belong to the family Patellidae. They are commonly found attaching strongly to rocks. In this study, it will be possible to assess the effect of shore height on the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets. The biotic and abiotic factors will be taken into account on their distribution on different shore heights, i.e lower shore, middle shore and upper shore. I am going to carry this investigation at Cullercoats Bay, North Shield. On different shore heights, the abiotic and biotic conditions are varied which affects the distribution of adult and juvenile limpets. Abiotic factor Temperature: There is an increasing temperature fluctuations from the lower shore to the upper shore. As land absorbs and releases heat quicker than water does(water has a high specific heat capacity). Limpets should be able to have adaptation to control the problem of temperature fluctuation on the upper shore so that their enzymes will not be denatured and failed to function properly. Desiccation : The lower shore gets covered by sea water for a long period for time (about 80% of the year ).Therefore, the risk of desiccation is far less on the lower shore. If
Amylase Investigation
Amylase Investigation Aim Industries today rely on enzymes because they can make processes more profitable. Enzymes are biodegradable proteins that make production processes more efficient and cost-effective, resulting in higher quality products. Enzymes are the key to a sustainable future as they help protect the environment by reducing waste and the need for harsh chemicals. Our bodies also produce enzymes for example fighting diseases, growth and digestion. Therefore, in order to understand what to do when reactions in our bodies are not working very well or to make industries as efficient as possible, we need to know about the conditions enzymes work best in. This investigation deals with looking at which temperature the enzyme Amylase digests starch at the fastest. It investigates the effect of temperature on the breakdown of starch by amylase, and finding the optimum temperature for the reaction. Background Information Enzymes Enzymes, are any one of many specialized organic substances, composed of polymers of amino acids, that act as catalysts to regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of living organisms. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change. For example, platinum is used to catalyse the reaction
This experiment aims to investigate the effects of 4 different types of fish food on the growth of guppy fry.
**** **** Student Name Candidate Number Report Title: Word Count A2 BIOLOGY RESEARCH INVESTIGATION RICHMOND UPON THAMES COLLEGE Centre Number: 14619 **** **** ********** Fish Food Experiment 8,765 **** **** Fish Food Experiment Aim This experiment aims to investigate the effects of 4 different types of fish food on the growth of guppy fry. The fish foods to be tested are TetraPrim a Tropical, Aquarian Tropical Flakes, Freeze-Dried Brine Shrimp and Natural foods such as mosquito larvae, algae and daphnia in which guppy fry feed on in the wild. Introduction Guppies (Poecelia reticulata) are renowned for the resilience in conditions much different from their normal habitat. Their survival rate in captivity is far greater than that of the wild, and they are extremely prolific breeders in almost all conditions . Unlike many other species of freshwater fish like Goldfish and Cichlids, guppies don t require any special conditions to breed and have been bred easily through natural means in bare glass tanks. Their hardiness also extends into the water conditions they can survive in. Guppies prefer harder and slightly alkaline conditions, however they have been successfully bred in acidic conditions and even in saline solutions exceeding that of sea-water when acclimated slowly. While it may not be immediately apparent, this experiment has a very important real world
The Biology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and the Social Implications
Access to Nursing and Healthcare Professions 2007 Interdisciplinary Study Autism and the Social Implications By: Stephen Davies Biology: Hilary Barber Sociology: Jane Simpson Study Skills: Judith Larsen Contents Summary 3 Introduction 4 What are the causes and symptoms of having ASD? 5 Social Interaction 6 Behaviour Patterns 7 Possible causes of ASD 7 Genes 7 Single Abnormal Gene 10 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT INHERITANCE 10 AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE 11 Mumps-Measles and Rubella Vaccine (MMR) 11 Diagnosis of having ASD 12 Are There Any Treatments Or Cures? 13 'High Functioning Autistic' 13 The Social Model of Disability 15 Impairment 15 Disability 16 Support and Interventions 18 Training 19 Drugs 19 Other methods of treatment 19 Assessments and Education 20 Theory of Mind 21 How do other parents fare? 21 Make Schools Make Sense Report 22 The Report on Bullying 23 What the Make Schools Make Sense Report Concluded 24 Funding 25 The Right Training for Every Teacher 26 What next? 27 Conclusion 28 References 30 Bibliography 31 Acknowledgement 32 Summary This Interdisciplinary study is based on the topic of Autistic Spectrum Disorder, commonly known as ASD. The topic of autism was chosen due to the lack of understanding and confusion that can be seen within society surrounding many issues associated with ASD. Like many neurological
