Chemistry paper outline: Nicotine I. History and facts A. Naming and group

Chemistry paper outline: Nicotine I. History and factsA. Naming and groupa. Solanaceae group of plants classified by it’s nicotine which consists of plants such as potatoes, eggplants, tomatoe,etc.b. most commonly associated with tobacco plants, found when biosynthesis happensc. Named by the plant Nicotina tabacum B. Key historya. 1600’s-1700’s- Nicotine was introduced to Europe in tobacco and later brought to America, associated with god and later on evil.b. 1800’s-Scientists like Vauquelin and Poselt began studying Nicotine and discovered facts about it such as its weight, formula, structure, etc.C.1900- Scientists began studying nicotine medical terms as how it can help and damage humans. d. Many synthesis studies of nicotine occurred.II. The chemistry

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of nicotineA. Chemical and Physical Dataa. Density of 1.01 g/cm3b. Melting point of 110 F and a boiling point of Boiling point of 477 Fc. Described as a colorless poisonous gas occurring naturally in tobacco.d. empirical formula of C10H14N2 and has a molar mass of 162.26 g/mol. Half life of about 2 hours and a bioavailability of 20-45%B. Chemistrya. Nicotine is soluble in water and non polar.b. When in nitrogen form it produces salts with acids.c. Although it boils, it can burn under the temperature of its boiling point. The vapor it produces combusts.d. Nicotine has a high toxicity compared to other alkaloids, it is usually applied as .5% in a solution of water.e. Absorption occurs in basic environments. III. Inner reactions of nicotine in the bodyA. Entrance of Nicotinea. Enters through absorption into the pulmonary capillary blood flowb. The half life of nicotine inside is about 2 hours and is spread across human blood.c. When in acidic environments, it is ionized and can’t switch membranes easily, it can penetrate skin as well. d. When inhaling nicotine it can reach the brain in around 10 seconds making it one of the most addictive forms of taking it.e. Nicotine in the body is eliminated by metabolizing in liver, lung, and kidney. Excretion depends on pH and flow.B. Reactions with nicotinic receptorsa. Nicotine acts and increases activity of nicotinic receptors in the nervous system.b. mimics acetylcholine and depolarizes and opens ion channel. Two types; cns and pns.c. Different combinations of these binding sites causes different reactions to the nervous systemd. accounts for certain behaviors and addiction of smokersIV. Uses of NicotineA. Medicala. Nicotine is used in inhalers, nasal sprays, tablets, etc.b. Nicotine is also used for skin as patches, and Lozengesc. Reactions between Nicotine and the body can cause positive affects as well as negatived. Studies show it promotes weight loss.B. Desirea. Due to Nicotine’s addictive nature to the brain, some items consisting of it are desirableb. Mainly cigarettes and smoking, tobacco inside have nicotinec. Nicotine gum as well.C. Therapy usesa. Nicotine’s addictive nature is harmful but can be controlled positively.b. Therapeutic nicotine can be used to counter and help quit smokingc. Come in the form of patches, gum, lozenges.d. Certain myths about this treatment such as risk of cancer and failure are made but are mostly false.V. Effects of Nicotine A. Positivea. Reduces anxiety, increase cerebral blood flowb. Regulation of neuronal responses, also used as pain relief but has limitations of toxicities.c. Also has been documented as an antipsychotic agentB. Negativea. withdrawal and acting on reward pathways along with addictive natureb. Can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.c. Respiratory distress, hypothermia and has links to circulatory disease due to it spreading across the blood stream. Inhaling is the worst form of taking nicotine.d. Weight loss also occurs because of loss of appetite and increased metabolism but it can be controlled as a positive outcome as well. Links http://nicotinefacts.weebly.com/history-of-nicotine.html http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/nicotine/E-historique.html http://www.bookrags.com/research/nicotine-woc/ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080229120651.htm http://www.jointogether.org/news/headlines/inthenews/2007/medical-uses-of-nicotine.html http://www.homedrugtestingkit.com/nicotine.html