Investigating the Rate of the Reaction between Bromide and Bromate Ions in Acid Solution
Investigating the Rate of the Reaction between Bromide and Bromate Ions in Acid Solution In this investigation, I aim to fully investigate the factors affecting the rate of the reaction between bromide ions and bromate ions in acid solution. The equation of this reaction is given below: 5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) --> 3Br2 (aq) + 3H2O(l) (Equation 1.0.1) I will attempt to find the rate equation for the reaction, in the form: (Equation 1.0.2) where k is the rate constant and x, y, and z are the orders of reaction with respect to Br-, BrO3- and H+ respectively. I will also attempt to find a suitable catalyst for the reaction, as well as the activation enthalpy for the reaction with and without a catalyst. The reaction is a redox reaction: the bromide is oxidised to bromine and the bromate is reduced to bromine. This can be shown by the oxidation states of bromide, bromate and bromine: 5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) --> 3Br2 (aq) + 3H2O(l) Oxidation State: -1 +5 -2 +1 0 +1 -2 I shall be using solutions of Potassium Bromide (KBr) and Potassium Bromate (KBrO3) as sources of bromide and bromate ions for the reaction, and Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) as a source of H+ ions. A solution methyl orange shall be used as an indicator, which will change colour from pink (in acid solution) to colourless when Bromide ions are produced. In order to be able to measure the amount of time
Investigating how concentration affects rate of reaction
Investigating How Concentration and Temperature Affect the Rate of Reaction Aim I aim to investigate how the concentration of potassium bromide affect the rate of reaction when added to a solution made up of potassium bromate(V), sulphuric acid and phenol. The general equation for the reaction between bromide and bromate ions in acidic aqueous solution is: (1) BrO3-(aq) + 5Br -(aq) + 6H+(aq) 3Br2(aq) + 3H2O(l) I am going to alter the concentrations of potassium bromide, potassium bromate and sulphuric acid to find the orders of reaction with respect to each reactant. This will allow me to prove that the rate equation for this reaction is: (1, pg 230) Rate = k[BrO3-][Br -][H+]2 I will be working out a value for the rate constant, k, and will also be investigating the affect temperature has on rate of reaction, using my results and the Arrhenius equation to work out the activation enthalpy. Theory: The colour change in this reaction is from an orange, brought about by the methyl orange indicator, to a colourless solution. As bromine is produced in the reaction it, at first, bonds to the phenol. However, when all binding sites on phenol have been used up, the presence of excess bromine will turn the solution colourless. This shows that I am measuring the time taken for all binding sites on phenol to be used up, which explains the change
The Determination of rate equation
The determination of rate equation Aim: The aim of this investigation is to determine the rate equation of the reaction between sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 (aq) and hydrochloric acid HCl (aq), using a graphical method. Background information The experiment is based on the effect of varying the concentration of the respective solutions and finding out the effect it has on the rate of the reaction; in this investigation i will change both sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. When hydrochloric acid is in excess to the sodium thiosulphate, the reaction may be different to when sodium thiosulphate is in excess. This will show the effect of change in concentration on the rate of reaction. Even though the reaction equation is known, it is not possible to work out the rate equation from the reaction equation and therefore the experiment has to be conducted. Theory: The rate of a reaction can be explained in terms of the rate of decrease in concentration of a reactant or the rate of increase in concentration of a product. The most general method used to determine the rate of reaction is to measure the change in concentration of the reactant(s) per second. The rate of a reaction may be represented by a mathematical equation related to the chemical equation for a reaction. Rate equation has the form rate = k [A]x [B]y which shows how the rate of a chemical reaction
Individual investigation - Reaction to be studied Rate of reaction between propanone and iodine
Reaction to be studied Rate of reaction between propanone and iodine proceeds in acidic solution (H+ ions as a catalyst). CH3COCH3 (aq) + I2 (aq) ? CH3COCH2I (aq) + H+ (aq) + I - (aq) Propanone Iodine Iodopropanone I have to investigate: > The effect of changing the concentrations of the reactants (including the catalyst) on the rate of reaction. > The order of each reactant. > Therefore, find out the rate equation. > Different methods to see the effects on the rate of reaction. > The effects of temperature on rate of reaction. > Therefore, find out the activation enthalpy for the reaction. > The effect of other acidic catalyst on rate of reaction. > The effects of temperature with the new catalyst on rate of reaction. > Therefore, comparing the activation enthalpy with and without the catalyst. CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE: Collision theory: Different factors affect the rate of reaction such as: > Temperature > Catalyst > Concentrations of reactants According to the collision theory, for a reaction to occur the reactant particles must collide. As the we increase the factors, the particles will collide more vigorously due to which the rate of the reaction increases. Different reactions can happen at different rates. Reactions that occur slowly have a low rate of reaction. Reactions that happen quickly have a high rate of reaction
Electrochemistry - Inventing Better Batteries
ST JOSEPH'S NUDGEE COLLEGE Extended Experimental Investigation Inventing "Better Batteries" Year 12 Chemistry Student Name: Kirk Richards Teacher: Ms Corley Final Due: Monday 16th March Abstract Ever since Alessandro Volta invented the first battery, the improvement of batteries has been phenomenal. The investigation was to explore three hypotheses that our group had designed to increase the voltage and/or current from the Daniell Cell to form a "Better Battery". The group performed different procedures that catered for each hypothesis. Firstly the concentration of the electrolytes was changed, then the half cells and then the salt bridge. A current and voltage measurement was taken after each experiment was tested which formulated our data tables. The highest increases in voltage as the half cells are further away from each other on the Standard Reduction Potentials for Half-Reactions table was 192.78% and the current was increased by 159.1%. When the concentration was increased in the cathode and the concentration in the anode is decreased the percentage difference from the Daniell Cell was considerably higher with the current increasing by 127% and the voltage by 14.43%. When using a porous pot as the salt bridge the percentage difference in voltage and current were as follows, 11.34% for voltage and 12172.73% for current which was an outstanding result. The
Drug: Antacid Effectiveness Analysis To determine the neutralizing ability of antacids in different brands using back titration
Project Title Drug: Antacid Effectiveness Analysis To determine the neutralizing ability of antacids in different brands using back titration Objectives . To determine the neutralizing ability of antacids in different brands. 2. To compare the effectiveness of commercial antacids and their side effects. Reasons for Choice of Topic In nowadays, many HK people are suffering from upset stomach due to heavy workload, nervous tension due to the stress of daily life and poor eating habit, which is eating too much high-fat foods too quickly. They usually use antacid therapy to relieve the symptoms. From our previous knowledge, we know that antacids contain weak bases to neutralize the excess antacid in the stomach. Every day we are bombarded by commercials dealing with acid indigestion. Each in turn declares they neutralize more acid and provide strongest relief and are fastest acting. Hence, we are interested in which brand of antacid is the most effective medicine and its side effects. Introduction Stomach contents are highly acidic due to the action of cells in the stomach walls that secrete hydrochloric acid. The acid environment suppresses growth of bacteria and aids in the digestion process. The acid hydrolyzes proteins and helps to activate the enzyme pepsin, which further breaks down food proteins. The primary component of gastric juice is hydrochloric acid and the
Investigating the rate of reaction between peroxydisulphate(VI) ions and iodide ions
In this investigation I will be looking into: * The effect of changing the concentration of reactants upon the rate of reaction. I can calculate the order of the reaction with respect to the variable reactant (potassium iodide ions), and then I can use the known orders of other reactants to obtain the rate equation. From the rate equation I can then work out the overall order of reaction. * The effect of changing temperature upon the rate of reaction. I can find the rate of reaction for different temperatures and substitute these into the rate equation, allowing me to work out a value of k for each temperature. These k can be used to draw graphs from which I can calculate the activation enthalpy. Section 1 - Theory The iodine clock reaction is a two stage reaction. In the first (R1), peroxydisulphate (VI) ions react with iodide ions to form sulphate (V) ions and iodine: Both reactants and the sulphate ions are colourless. To measure the initial rate of this reaction, the colour of the iodine produced can be followed. The colour change can be detected more clearly by adding starch to the mixture. This causes a blue-black solution to form in the presence of iodine. A way to measure the initial rate of this reaction is to time how long it takes for the reaction to produce a small, fixed amount of iodine. The time taken can be enhanced by adding thiosulphate ions to the
Magnesium and hydrochloric acid react together readily. Plan and carry out an investigation testing a factor that you think will effect the reaction. You may only use equipment available to you in the science laboratory.
Carla Jones 11y set 1 Chemistry Assessment Centre no. 29200 Candidate no.8159 Brief Magnesium and hydrochloric acid react together readily. Plan and carry out an investigation testing a factor that you think will effect the reaction. You may only use equipment available to you in the science laboratory. Your plan must be approved before you start the practical work, as must the preliminary work. ______________________________ Background information. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon, the hydrochloric acid will react with the magnesium and produce hydrogen gas. All chemical reactions involve reactants which when mixed may cause a chemical reaction which will make products. In my experiment the reactants are hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon. The chemical reaction takes place when the magnesium ribbon is dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The products that are formed during this reaction are hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride. The formula equation for this experiment is: Mg + 2HCl (r) MgCl2 + H2 Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid (r) Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen The rate of reaction between the product and the reactant will increase or decrease depending on certain factors. The factors that may affect the rate of reaction are: - temperature of the
Acid-Base Titrations.
Acid-Base Titrations: Introduction to Acid-Base Titrations A titration is a procedure used in analytical chemistry to determine the amount or concentration of a substance. In a titration one reagent, the titrant, is added to another slowly. As it is added a chemical stoichiometric reaction occurs until one of the reagents is exhausted, and some process or device signals that this has occurred. The purpose of a titration is generally to determine the quantity or concentration of one of the reagents, that of the other being known beforehand. In any titration there must be a rapid quantitative reaction taking place as the titrant is added, and in acid-base titrations this is a stoichiometric neutralization. The type of titration is simply the type of chemical reaction taking place, and so in this section we consider acid-base titrations. Acid-Base Titration Reactions All acid-base titration reactions, as all acid-base reactions, are simply exchanges of protons. The reaction could be strong acid + strong base --> (neutral) salt, as in the case of HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H2O, although the reaction would be correctly written as H3O+ + OH- --> H2O since strong acids and strong bases are totally dissociated to protons and hydroxide ions in water. For reactions which are strong acid + weak base --> (acidic) salt, such as the example HCl + CH3NH2 --> CH3NH3+Cl-, or strong base +
Describe the construction, operation and application of distillation equipment used in industry
Faculty: Technology Assign/Activity Code: 306/02 Course Title: C&G 0603 - Process Technology Instructions for the use of this cover sheet (1) A cover sheet is required for every activity including presentations (2) Please complete all sections below (3) Staple the cover sheet to your activity Student name: Billy Whelton Unit(s): LEVEL 3 Unit 306: Distillation in the Process Industry Assignment/ Activity title: 02 - Distillation equipment & Their Safe Use Hand out date: 0-12-2007 Hand in date: 01-04-2008 Graded (Y/N) N Resubmission date for referred work: 08-04-2008 Student's comment on activity (if applicable): Student's Signature: ................................................ Date: ................. Assessment Grading Decision (by Assessor). Assessment decision following Verification. Activity designed by Assessed & graded by Key Skills Assessed by Name: Geoff Martin Name: Date: 28-06-05 Date: Internally Moderated by Internally Verified by Name: Name: Date: Date: You must store all marked activities in a portfolio (folder) for External Verification during the academic year. Grading descriptors PASS You have successfully completed all tasks and submitted all evidence as stated. Task Comments Pass Criteria Met Yes/No Grading Comments Overall Grade P/R Hand in date for referred work .................. Outcome 2:
