Ice Lab and its Phase Changes
Lab 1: Ice Lab and its phase change Introduction: Everything is made up of matter. It has shape, volume and mass. All one hundred and nine elements have three states and provide the world with daily activities. An element at a solid state has particles that are very close together and vibrate. A solid state has a set shape, mass and volume and this gives it a tough shape. The second state of an element is a liquid and it also has a set volume and mass. In this state the particles vibrate and rotate in a limited space. However, like the solid they do not have a rigid shape, liquids are shaped liked the object in which they are poured. The last state of the elements is a gas. Particles of gas are very free and can vibrate, rotate, move rapidly, and the shape of gas is not known. These three states are very amusing when one experiments and looks at the changes from one phase to another. In addition, when one state changes from solid to liquid, the particles move more rapidly and the energy is more increased. This causes solid to change to a liquid form or state. The temperature remains constant as the phase changes. As more energy is increased or heat is delivered to the particles it causes the liquid to change its shape to gas. This is known as the process of phase change. When you are going from liquid to solid, the energy of the particles decreases and there is less
Thermometric Titration.
Thermometric Titration Aim To follow the titration and to find the endpoint by measuring the temperature changes take place during the titration. The importance of temperature in the experiment implies there is a connection with heat therefore the experiment is exothermic. Thus the products are at a lower energy level than the reactants so the energy has been given The acid and alkali we will use is sodium hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid. Background If an acid solution is added to an alkaline solution they will react and neutralize each other, forming a salt. The general Formula for this reaction is Acid + Base Salt + Water However, the resulting solution will be neutral only if acid and alkali are present in exactly the right quantities. If there is more acid than alkali, the all though all the alkali will be neutralized the solution will remain acid. On the other hand if there is more alkali than acid the solution will remain alkali. The precise volumes of acid and alkali solutions will neutralize each other out exactly. In a titration there is always one solution of accurately known solution, containing a known substance with an unknown concentration, is placed in a conical flask. The result from the titration is used to calculate the amount of substance present in the solution in the conical flask. Prediction I predict that as more of the acid is added to
Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid AIM- My task is to investigate the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, which produces calcium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water. To do this I will conduct an experiment. Word Equation: Calcium + Hydrochloric Calcium + Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbonate Acid Chloride Chemical Equation: CaCo3 (s) + 2Hcl (aq) CaCl2 + Co2 (g) + H20 (l) The key variables in this experiment that affect the rate of reaction is, surface area, temperature, mass of CaCo3 and concentration of acid. The surface area can be investigated by increasing or decreasing the surface area of the calcium carbonate (marble) chips (i.e. have them as chips or powdered). The temperature can be investigated by increasing the temperature of water in the water trough. Increasing or decreasing the mass of the calcium carbonate chips used in the experiment can investigate the mass. The concentration can be investigated by increasing or decreasing the concentration of acid put on the marble chips. The variable I will be changing in order to conduct my experiment is the concentration of acid as this will have an effect on how much Carbon Dioxide is produced. There are a number of ways in which this experiment can be conducted. Firstly, the volume of Carbon
Preparation of a Haloalkane
Experiment 2 Preparation of a Haloalkane Date: 11-9-2006 Objective To produce 2-chloro-2-methylpropane from 2-methylpropan-2-ol. To find the yield of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane. Introduction 2-chloro-2-methylpropane is formed when 2-methylpropan-2-ol and concentrated hydrochloric acid are added together. Because alcohols undergo substitution rapidly, the reaction takes place at room temperature. Afterwards, the haloalkane would be separated with a separating funnel, dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate and extracted by distillation. Procedure . About 9 ml of 2-methylpropan-2-ol was poured into a measuring cylinder and the measuring cylinder was weighed. 2. The 2-methylpropan-2-ol was poured into a 50ml separating funnel. The mass of the empty measuring cylinder was weighed again. 3. About 20ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added into the separating funnel, 3ml at a time. This procedure was carried out by the window side. 4. After each addition, the funnel was sealed and was shaken. The tap was opened at intervals to allow the gas produced to be released. 5. The separating funnel was allowed to stand near the window for 20 minutes. 6. A distillation apparatus was set up, as in the diagram below. 7. The small flask in the above set-up was weighed. 8. The lower aqueous layer in the separating funnel was discarded into a beaker. 9. Excess
The aim of the courework is to find the unknow concentration of HCl
Aim: The aim of the courework is to find the unknow concentration of HCl Introduction Chemical procedure is used for determining the concentration of a solution. A known volume of a solution of unknown concentration is reacted with a known volume of a solution of known concentration (standard). The standard solution is delivered from a pipette so the volume added is known. This technique is known as titration. Often an indicator is used to show when the correct proportions have reacted. This procedure is used for acid-base, redox, and certain other reactions involving solutions. Making the standrad solution A stadard solution is a solution which the concentration is accurately known.the concertration is usely in mol dm . when making the standard solution it's in important that the correct mass is substanced acuratley and all of the solution successfully transferred to the volummetic flask. Uses of volumetic solution Volumetric solution can be used in many purposes, but it can also be used to find the following: * Concentration * Molecules mass of a substance * Percentage of an element present * Stoichiometry of an equation * Quality control Procedure Apparatus * Watch glass * Goggle * Balance * Volumtric flask * De-ioned water * Beaker * Glass rod * Teat pippette * Anhydrous sodium carbonate * Label * Spatual * Filter funnel * Bench
Explore the ways in which dickens builds up sympathy for Pip in 'Great Expectations'
Explore the ways in which dickens builds up sympathy for Pip in 'Great Expectations' Charles Dickens was a 19th century author, who wrote many successful novels. One of his most well-known and popular novels was 'Great Expectations'. The novel was popular at the time it was written and continues to be with modern day readers. In this particular novel -like many of his others- Dickens draws on his own experiences to tell a tale of poverty and adversity. Dickens' own father was imprisoned for debt and Charles Dickens spent his childhood working to help support his family. Perhaps it was Dickens' own brushes encounters with childhood poverty that influenced his views one Victorian society, social reform and his sympathy towards the poor. 'Great Expectations' takes place in the early nineteenth century, the main character Pip is introduced as a young boy visiting the graves of his parents and siblings. In the first chapter of 'Great Expectations' Dickens begins by introducing Pip and his background as an orphan and also establishes the audiences sympathy for Pip as a lonely boy who is attacked by a 'fearful man'. Dickens manages to make readers feel sorry for Pip's past, 'As I never saw my father or my mother and never saw any likeness of them' and 'the memory of five little brothers of mine' gives the impression that Pip is quite alone in the world and this
Communicating Laboratory Procedures
Communicating Laboratory Procedures (Nmsu, 2008) Laboratory procedures and practices must be communicated in a laboratory, because to keep the risk as minimum as possible by storing the chemical products in an appropriate and safe manner. A staff member shall be responsible for all stored chemicals and their use. All products must be labelled so that the researcher can identify and communicate the identity of the sample for laboratory staff. Unidentified chemical should be treated as infectious and disposed of in a proper way. All chemicals should be stored in suitable containment appropriate to hazard the agent. Containers used for storage must be enclosed or sealed. Accurate inventory should be maintained for the purpose of assessing risk and reducing unnecessary handling. Inventory must be updated to a minimum, annually. Each chemical container must also be labelled with the name or code of the chemical, the name and contact information of the user. This information must be legible to the environment is stored, i.e. indelible. A laboratory to reduce the risk good sanitation is essential to protect the integrity and chemicals. Cleaning routine should be invoked to provide work areas free from significant sources of contamination. It should be clean-up actions based on the higher degree of risk to the safety of individuals and the pilot may be exposed. Laboratory staffs
The Life of Garibaldi
nge and record how many drops you used. · Get the clamp ready and place the tile on the clamp, then place the conical flask on the tile. Rinse your burette with your diluted HCl to replace any previous liquids which may intervene in the results. Now secure the burette to the clamp making sure the nozzle is facing in the conical flask. You should now have your apparatus set-up like this: 30/5230/35230/image006.gif"> Funnel Burette filled with diluted HCl Conical Flask Clamp Tile Ca(OH) and Indicator · Now everything should be ready. From your volumetric flask, empty out the diluted HCl into a normal beaker. Using this beaker fill the burette up to the 0 mark with a funnel. · Start titrating slowly until the solution has totally reacted. Then record the results noting how much HCl you used. Record the results in a suitable format and repeat the experiment at least three more time for more accuracy. Finally record the average (mean) titre. · SAFTEY: this is extremely important as you are handling hydrochloric acid. Goggles must be worn at all times, hair must be tied back and bags must remain under the desk. If anything goes wrong, consult the teacher immediately. Always remember to work safely as HCl can be hazardous to your skin, the indicator may stain your clothing as well. (Accuracy): The pipette, burette and volumetric flask only have a percentage
F336- aspirin individual Investigation
Does Temperature Affect The Yield And Purity Of Aspirin? Contents Objectives ) Research using various sources on aspirin with reference to; history ,use in medicine and methods of synthesis 2) produce a sample of aspirin using a method found during research 3) Verify the presence of aspirin and use various method to measure the purity of the manufactured aspirin 4) Carry out investigation to see if temperature effects the yield and purity of aspirin Research History of aspirin 400 BC, Greece - Hippocrates recommended a brew made from willow leaves to ease the pain of child birth. 763, England - A reverend called Edward Stone was walking through a meadow in Oxfordshire while suffering from an acute fever. Stone removed a small piece of bark from a willow tree and nibbled on it. He was struck by its extremely bitter taste, as an educated man he knew that he bark from Peruvian cinchona tree (which has a similar taste) is used in the treatment of malarial fevers. He surmised that the willow might also have therapeutic properties. He gathered and dried a pound of willow bark and created a powder which he gave to about fifty people. It was consistently found to be a "powerful astringent and very efficacious in curing agues and intermitting disorders". He had discovered salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin. 1828, Germany- Johann Büchner isolates pure
To determine enthalpy change of hydration of magnesium sulphate(VI)
Chemistry Lab report ) Experiment No: 8A 2) Objective: To determine the heat of formation of calcium carbonate. 3) Date: 26th Nov, 2010 4) Theory: The experiment consists of 2 parts: a) In the 1st part, an accurately weighed known mass of calcium is added to a given dilute hydrochloric acid. During the addition, the following occurs: Ca(s) + 2H+(aq) --> Ca2+(aq) + H2(g) With the help of the data of heat change of the solution mixture, the average heat evolved by one mole of calcium during the reaction can be calculated. b) In the 2nd part, an accurately weighed known mass of calcium carbonate is added to a given dilute hydrochloric acid. During the addition, the following occurs: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) --> Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) With the help of the data of heat change of the solution mixture, the average heat evolved by one mole of calcium carbonate during the reaction can be calculated. After that, by using a suitable energy-cycle diagram, and applying Hess's law, the heat formation of formation of calcium carbonate can be calculated. 5) Procedure: Please refer to the lab. manual 6) Data: 1st Part: Reaction of calcium with dil. Hydrochloric acid Experiment No: 2 Mass of Ca used / g 0.53 0.51 Volume of hydrochloric acid used: 100cm3 2nd Part: Reaction of calcium carbonate with dil. Hydrochloric acid Experiment No: 2 Mass of CaCO3 used / g 2.13
